http://truthseeker2473.blogspot.com/2008/11/peak-oil-3-to-43-billion-barrels-of-oil.html
http://www.prisonplanet.com/archives/peak_oil/index.htm
http://educate-yourself.org/cn/peakoilindex.shtml
http://www.newswithviews.com/Monteith/stanley.htm
Monday, February 23, 2009
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Monday, February 16, 2009
Saturday, February 14, 2009
Extra info
http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/varna.htm
_________________________
From http://web.archive.org/web/20020601151453/http://dalitstan.org/sudrology/yavana/grktravs.html
Greek Travellers on the Negroid Origin of Sudras
The distinction between the black-skinned Sudroid races of southern India and the fair-skinned Aryan races of northern India is not an invention of English colonialist historians; it is a feature mentioned by the earliest Greek travellers who visited south Asia centuries before the advent of Robert Clive.
The ancient Greeks considered the Africans and Sudras (modern Dalits and Dravidians) as belonging to the same `Ethiopian' stock. `Ethiopian' was the Greek word for `Negro', and Greek authors referred to the African Negroes as `Western Ethiopians' and to the Sudroids as `Eastern Ethiopians' (ie. Eastern Negroes) [ cf. Herodotus.VI.70 ]. Witness the following citation from Herodotus -
Herodotus.VII.70
" The Eastern Ethiopians, [ ie. Sudras ] differed in nothing from the other Ethiopians, save in their language, and the character of their hair. For the Eastern Ethiopians have straight hair, while they of Libya are more woolly-haired than any other people in the world. "
The Greek authors always referred to " the distinction between the inhabitants of the north and south " of India [ Elphinstone, Vol.I, p.287 ]. The southern Indians are universally described as " black " , and " not unlike Ethiopians "; the northern ones are described as fairer, and " like Egyptians " [ Arrian, Indica chap.vi; Strabo, lib.xv, chap.6 cited in Elphinstone ]. Arrian explicitly mentions the North-South difference -
Arrian.VIII.6
" [I]n other respects India is not unlike Ethiopia, and the Indian rivers have crocodiles like the Ethiopian and Egyptian Nile; and some of the Indian rivers have fish and other large water animals like those of the Nile, save the river-horse: though Onesicritus states that they do have the river-horse also. The appearance of the inhabitants, too, is not so far different in India and Ethiopia; the southern Indians resemble the Ethiopians a good deal, and, are black of countenance, and their hair black also, only they are not as snub-nosed or so woolly-haired as the Ethiopians; but the northern Indians are most like the Egyptians in appearance. "
Arrian, `Anabasis Alexandri, Book VIII (Indica),' Chapter 6, tr. E. Iliff Robson (1933)
This statement is confirmed by Strabo -
Strabo.XV.13
" I might almost say that the same animals are to be found in India as in Aethiopia and Egypt, and that the Indian rivers have all the other river animals except the hippopotamus, although Onesicritus says that the hippopotamus is also to be found in India. As for the people of India, those in the south are like the Aethiopians in colour, although they are like the rest in respect to countenance and hair (for on account of the humidity of the air their hair does not curl), whereas those in the north are like the Egyptians. "
It is sometimes alleged that these eminent historians are not referring to the Sudras in general, but only to the Pygmies of the Andamans. This theory is refuted by the following statement of the Periplus, which no doubt describes the tall and black Malabari Dravidians -
Periplus.41
" Beyond the gulf of Baraca is that of Barygaza and the coast of the country of Ariaca, which is the beginning of the Kingdom of Nambanus and of all India. That part of it lying inland and adjoining Scythia is called Abiria, but the coast is called Syrastrene. It is a fertile country, yielding wheat and rice and sesame oil and clarified butter, cotton and the Indian cloths made therefrom, of the coarser sorts. Very many cattle are pastured there, and the men are of great stature and black in color. The metropolis of this country is Minnagara, from which much cotton cloth is brought down to Barygaza. In these places there remain even to the present time signs of the expedition of Alexander, such as ancient shrines, walls of forts and great wells. The sailing course along this coast, from Barbaricum to the promontory called Papica opposite Barygaza, and before Astacampra, is of three thousand stadia. "
The Makran was referred to by the Greeks as `Gedrosia', ie. the land of the black people. Black Sudroids form a sizeable portion of the population in this region to this day, and formed one of the groups referred to as `East Ethiopians' [ Kondratov, p.145 ]. Indeed, several geographers considered India merely another extension of Ethiopia or Abyssinia -
Itinerarium Alexandri.49 (cx)
" India as a whole originates from the north, embraces all the area which is Persian, and continues as far as Egypt and the lands of Ethiopia. "
References
`Riddles of 3 Oceans', Alexander Kondratov
`Anabasis Alexandri, Book VIII (Indica) ' by Arrian, tr. E. Iliff Robson (1933)
`Herodotus, The History' , trans. George Rawlinson, Dutton & Co., N.York, 1862
`Itinerarium Alexandri,' Anonymous, 4th century AD, `Alexander's Itinerary, An English Translation' by Iolo Davies, The Ancient History Bulletin 12.1-2 (1998) 29-54
`The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century,' W.H. Schoff (tr. & ed.), London, Bombay & Calcutta 1912.
`History of India', Mountstuart Elphinstone, J.Murray, Albemarle Street, London 1841, reprinted 1988, Atlantic Publishers New Delhi 1988.
`Geography,', Strabo, translated by H. L. Jones (ed.), http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/
Main Index
_________________________
From http://web.archive.org/web/20020601151453/http://dalitstan.org/sudrology/yavana/grktravs.html
Greek Travellers on the Negroid Origin of Sudras
The distinction between the black-skinned Sudroid races of southern India and the fair-skinned Aryan races of northern India is not an invention of English colonialist historians; it is a feature mentioned by the earliest Greek travellers who visited south Asia centuries before the advent of Robert Clive.
The ancient Greeks considered the Africans and Sudras (modern Dalits and Dravidians) as belonging to the same `Ethiopian' stock. `Ethiopian' was the Greek word for `Negro', and Greek authors referred to the African Negroes as `Western Ethiopians' and to the Sudroids as `Eastern Ethiopians' (ie. Eastern Negroes) [ cf. Herodotus.VI.70 ]. Witness the following citation from Herodotus -
Herodotus.VII.70
" The Eastern Ethiopians, [ ie. Sudras ] differed in nothing from the other Ethiopians, save in their language, and the character of their hair. For the Eastern Ethiopians have straight hair, while they of Libya are more woolly-haired than any other people in the world. "
The Greek authors always referred to " the distinction between the inhabitants of the north and south " of India [ Elphinstone, Vol.I, p.287 ]. The southern Indians are universally described as " black " , and " not unlike Ethiopians "; the northern ones are described as fairer, and " like Egyptians " [ Arrian, Indica chap.vi; Strabo, lib.xv, chap.6 cited in Elphinstone ]. Arrian explicitly mentions the North-South difference -
Arrian.VIII.6
" [I]n other respects India is not unlike Ethiopia, and the Indian rivers have crocodiles like the Ethiopian and Egyptian Nile; and some of the Indian rivers have fish and other large water animals like those of the Nile, save the river-horse: though Onesicritus states that they do have the river-horse also. The appearance of the inhabitants, too, is not so far different in India and Ethiopia; the southern Indians resemble the Ethiopians a good deal, and, are black of countenance, and their hair black also, only they are not as snub-nosed or so woolly-haired as the Ethiopians; but the northern Indians are most like the Egyptians in appearance. "
Arrian, `Anabasis Alexandri, Book VIII (Indica),' Chapter 6, tr. E. Iliff Robson (1933)
This statement is confirmed by Strabo -
Strabo.XV.13
" I might almost say that the same animals are to be found in India as in Aethiopia and Egypt, and that the Indian rivers have all the other river animals except the hippopotamus, although Onesicritus says that the hippopotamus is also to be found in India. As for the people of India, those in the south are like the Aethiopians in colour, although they are like the rest in respect to countenance and hair (for on account of the humidity of the air their hair does not curl), whereas those in the north are like the Egyptians. "
It is sometimes alleged that these eminent historians are not referring to the Sudras in general, but only to the Pygmies of the Andamans. This theory is refuted by the following statement of the Periplus, which no doubt describes the tall and black Malabari Dravidians -
Periplus.41
" Beyond the gulf of Baraca is that of Barygaza and the coast of the country of Ariaca, which is the beginning of the Kingdom of Nambanus and of all India. That part of it lying inland and adjoining Scythia is called Abiria, but the coast is called Syrastrene. It is a fertile country, yielding wheat and rice and sesame oil and clarified butter, cotton and the Indian cloths made therefrom, of the coarser sorts. Very many cattle are pastured there, and the men are of great stature and black in color. The metropolis of this country is Minnagara, from which much cotton cloth is brought down to Barygaza. In these places there remain even to the present time signs of the expedition of Alexander, such as ancient shrines, walls of forts and great wells. The sailing course along this coast, from Barbaricum to the promontory called Papica opposite Barygaza, and before Astacampra, is of three thousand stadia. "
The Makran was referred to by the Greeks as `Gedrosia', ie. the land of the black people. Black Sudroids form a sizeable portion of the population in this region to this day, and formed one of the groups referred to as `East Ethiopians' [ Kondratov, p.145 ]. Indeed, several geographers considered India merely another extension of Ethiopia or Abyssinia -
Itinerarium Alexandri.49 (cx)
" India as a whole originates from the north, embraces all the area which is Persian, and continues as far as Egypt and the lands of Ethiopia. "
References
`Riddles of 3 Oceans', Alexander Kondratov
`Anabasis Alexandri, Book VIII (Indica) ' by Arrian, tr. E. Iliff Robson (1933)
`Herodotus, The History' , trans. George Rawlinson, Dutton & Co., N.York, 1862
`Itinerarium Alexandri,' Anonymous, 4th century AD, `Alexander's Itinerary, An English Translation' by Iolo Davies, The Ancient History Bulletin 12.1-2 (1998) 29-54
`The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century,' W.H. Schoff (tr. & ed.), London, Bombay & Calcutta 1912.
`History of India', Mountstuart Elphinstone, J.Murray, Albemarle Street, London 1841, reprinted 1988, Atlantic Publishers New Delhi 1988.
`Geography,', Strabo, translated by H. L. Jones (ed.), http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/
Main Index
Other Links
http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/hindumanyraces.htm
http://web.archive.org/web/20010622022747/www.dalitstan.org/books/
http://web.archive.org/web/20001004023045/www.dalitstan.org/journal/genocide/christians/godmnrom.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20010503133852/www.dalitstan.org/books/b_gold/b_gold3.html
http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/afrodalit.htm
_______________________
From http://web.archive.org/web/20010702004703/www.dalitstan.org/books/sudroid/
The Sudroid (Indo-Negroid) Race
by Hari Rao
The Sudran, or Sudroid, race refers to the aboriginal populations of India. Formerly widepread over all of India, they were displaced from most of Hindustan (North India) and virtually all of the Deccan by invading Aryans. Sudroid includes the following peoples:
Sudroid
Dravidoids (speakers of Dravidian languages)
Untouchables or Avarans
Antyajas/Dalits/SC
Adivasis/ST
Vedic Shudrs (Aryanized and enslaved blacks)
They are a black race, closely related to the Africans and Australoids, as evident from -
Black skin , broad noses , thick lips and wavy-curly hair
Linguistically, all the languages are related.
Genetically they are closely related
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This ends the basic section. The advanced section is below.
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The Sudroid (Indo-Negroid) Race
Table of Contents
The unity of Sudroids, Africoids and Australoids
1. Physiognomic Similarities
1.1 Black Skin
1.2 Nose Width (Nasal Index)
1.3 Wavy-Curly Hair and Thick Lips
1.4 Prognathism
1.5 Skeletal Similarities
2. Ethnographic Evidence
2.1 Boomerang & Hunting Customs
2.2 Theological
2.3 Burial & Funerary Customs
2.4 Circumcision & Initiation Rites
2.5 Agricultural
2.6 Building Construction & Ship-Building
2.7 Inheritance
2.8 Calendar
3. Archaeological
3.1 Megalithic Cultures
3.2 Pottery : Red-and-Black Ware
4. Linguistic
5. Genetic
6. Zoological & Botanical
6.1 Reptiles
6.2 Mammals
6.3 Botanical
1. Physiognomy
1.1 Black Skin
The most evident similarity between Africans and Sudroids is their black skin colour. It often approaches deep black, and when shiny resemble tar. The Adi Dravidas (true Dravidians) of South India are black like the Africans with a slightly different hair texture [ Win.gen ].
1.2 Nasal Index
The nose of Sudroids closely resembles that of Negroids and Australoids, being very broad. In both pure black African and pure Sudroid it is often as wide as it is broad, ie. the nasal index (ratio of width to height) is 100. By contrast Caucasians are fine-nosed. The Indo-Aryan is thus very similar to the European, possessing a fine nose, while the Sudroid is related to the Africans -
Race Nasal Index Nasal Type
Arya (Indo-Aryan)
Brahman (Bengal) 70.3 fine-nosed sub-leptorrhine
Rajput 71.6 fine-nosed sub-leptorrhine
Vaisya (Jat) 68.8 fine-nosed leptorrhine
Vaisya (Bania) 79.6 medium-nosed mesorrhine
Sudroid
Dravidian (Kadian) 89.8 broad-nosed platyrrhine
Dalit (Chamar) 86.0 broad-nosed platyrrhine
Adivasi (Munda) 89.9 broad-nosed platyrrhine
Vedic Shudrs (Dom) 83.0 broad-nosed sub-platyrrhine
-- [ Ris App. III p.395 ff ]
By comparison, the French of Paris average 69.4 [ Ris 28-9 ], while pure Africans average between 90 and 100.
1.3 Wavy-Curly Hair & Thick Lips
The hair of Sudroids is wavy and often curly, with imported Africans ( eg. the Makranis, the Siddis of Sind and the Dakhin ) it is frizzy. It is a common misconception to asume all Africoids have frizzy hair; it is often curly and wavy in Nubia and Abyssinia.
Curly Hair -
Friedrich Mueller classified black races according to hair texture, classing them under the tufted-haired peoples ( Bushmen, Hottentots and Papuans ), fleece-haired peoples ( Bantu and Negro ) and wavy-haired peoples ( Hamitic, Semitic and Nuba-Fulla ).
-- [ EB `Languages of the World' ]
Another trait in common is the thick everted lips [ Arav.neg ] .
1.4 Prognathism
Pronounced prognathism is characteristic of all black races from Africa to southern India and Oceania - Australia. In addition, the teeth are relatively larger in case of Australoids and Kolarians, as well as Dravidians.
1.5 Skeletal Similarities
Long Forearm -
The forearm of Suroids and Africans are long.
Dolicocephaly -
Dolicocephaly ( long-headedness ) is common amongst Sudras. In fact, many are classed as hyperdolicocephalic. Dolicocephaly is common amongst East Africans in general ( Nilotes, Sudanic Blacks and Cushites - Hamites or Abyssinians )
2. Ethnographic Evidence
2.1 Boomerang & Hunting Customs
The boomerang is used by Dravidian abroginals, Australoids and is recorded from Egypt.
2.2 Theological
Both Africans and Dravidians held a common interest in teh cult of the Serpent and believed tn a Supreme God, who lived in aplace of peace and tranqulity. Murugan the Dravidian god of the mounatins parallels a common god in East Africa worshipped by 25 ethnic groups called Murungu, the god who resides in the mountains [ Win.gen ]
2.3 Burial & Death Rites
Burning of the dead body is a characteristic of Indo-Aryans, while burial of the dead was common to Indo-Africans. In both South India and the Western Sudan and Senegambia the dead were buried and interned in terra cotta jars [ Singh ] [ Win.gen ]
2.4 Circumcision & Initiation Rites
Circumcision, both male and female, was practiced by Dravidians and is still widely practiced in Africa.
2.5 Agricultural
Both groups use the hoe for tilling the ground, manuring the ground to fertilize crops, terracing irrrigation and canal building.
Wheat of the 6-row variety, which is found in predynastic graves in Egypt, has been discovered at Harappan sites dating much later, as late as 2300-1750 BC. On the Gangetic plain, barley was found at neolithic Hallum in Mysore state (1800 BC). Pearl millet has been found at Saurasthra and Ahar (1200-100 BC). Indian sorghum is clearly of African origin. Cultivated cotton which came from West Africa appear at Mohenjo-Daro and harrapa from 2300-1700 BC. [ Win.agri ]
2.6 Building Construction & Ship-Building
Both races used a single log or planks tied together
2.7 Inheritance
Among the ali tiravitar (Adi Dravidas, or real Dravidians), the system of inheritance passes from the uncle to his nephews, instead of his sons (maru makkal tayam) as in Africa [ Win.gen ]
2.8 Calendrical
The Dravidians and Africans used the same calendrical systema [ Win.agri ].
3. Archaeological
3.1 Megalithic Cultures
Megalithic cultures in India and Africa dating to the third millenium BC are very similar: both contain black-and-red ware, bones and pottery sarcophagi near water tanks [ Win:Agri ]. Cave paintings are also very similar, pointing to ancient contacts.
3.2 Pottery : Red-and-Black Ware
The black races are consistently associated with red-and-black pottery all over the world. Pottery of the Nubians is very similar to Dravidian pottery.
4. Linguistic
The most evident linguistic connections between African and Dravidian languages is in place-names:
Africa India
------ ------
Botswana, Bophutatswana (reg) Gondwana (region)
Ubangi (river) Bhangi (caste)
Gonder (town, reg.) Gond (tribe)
Galla (tribe) Goala (caste), Gaya (town)
Kongo (river, reg., tribe) Kongu Nadu (reg.), Kond or Khond (tribe)
Imbangala (tribe) Bangala or Bengal (tribe, reg.)
The `Congo' river and the `Kongo' tribes are cognate to the Kongu Nadu comprising the Salem tract in Tamil Nadu prior to its conquest by the Cholas [ EB 10 salem 350 ].
The suffix `-wana' is common to Bantu and Dravidian languages, thus Botswana and Bophuthatswana in southern Africa [ EB 2 botswana 412 ] [ EB 2 boph. 376 ] and Gondwana in central India [ EB 5:358 ].
The Mbangala or Imbangala warrior tribe of central Angola [ EB 6: imb. 266 ] are cognate to the Bangala tribe and the region named after them in eastern India, which later became Bengal.
The Ubangi river [ EB ubangi 12:98 ] is the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo river and flows past Bangui town (the capital of the Central African Republic). A black tribe (and later low caste) by the name of Bhangi exists in northern India. The Bangweulu is a large lake and swamp region in northeastern Zambia. In Bantu the term denotes `Large Water' [ EB 1 bangw. 868 ]
The Galla are the largest ethnic group in Ethipia, forming 40 % of the population [ EB 5 galla 87 ]. They are cattle-herders, as are the black-skinned low-caste known as Goala (cow-herders) in central India.
The Mbundu are the second-largest ethnic group of Angola [ EB 7 mbundu 986 ] while the Munda are in Eastern India.
The Ndongo tribe of the Mbundu [ EB 7 mbundu 986 ] are perhaps cognate to the Dombas or Doms of India.
The Godabas of Somalia may have given their name to the Godavari River in the Deccan.
Congates of `gond' and `gong' are widepread in Africa and Dravidia. Gonder or Gondar is the ancient capital of Ethiopia 1652-1855 as well as the surrounding region. The Gongola river is the primary tributary of the Benue River, while the Gongola basin is in northeastern Nigeria [ EB 5 gongola 359 ]. The Guang or Gonja in northern Ghana, who are descendant of Mandingos, speak the Gur and Goja languages and founded the Gonja kingdom [ EB 5 guang 532 ] The Gond are a large group of Draviidan tribes in Central India.
The Congolese linguist Th. Obenga proposed the term `Indo-African' languages in analogy with `Indo-European' [ Obenga ]. Prof. L. Homburger established close linguistic connections between Dravidian and Senegalese languages especially Fulani, as well as Kannada - Bantu and Telugu - Mande relationships [ Hom ]. Prof. Tuttle established connections between Nubian and Dravidian languages [ Tuttle ]. Prof. Lahoverty established conections between African and Dravidian languages [ Lah ]. Senegalese and Dravidian languages are closely related grammatically, structurally and lexically [ N'D ] [ Ups ]. The Upper Nile basin is considered by some scholars to be the original home of the Dravidians on linguistic grounds [ Win.gen 1118 ]
Dravidian legends mention an ancient landmass which disappeared into the Ocean. The Tamils say that it was highly populated and included large cities, now buried beneath the sea. Tamil historians have discussed this land mass in detail throughout history; eg. Ariyarkkunallar in the 12th century. Linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians are related to the C-group Nubians of the Western Sahara who built the Kerma empire. Since Egypt was often at war with Kerma, the connection across Lemuria seems more plausible. [Winters:Agri]
5. Genetic
The Sudroid and Africoid peoples are also genetically closely related. The genetic similarities between Africans and Sudrics include:
Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Gene for sickle-cell anemia is common
Enzymes providing malaria resistance are present
The Kolarians (Indo-Australoids) share many genetic similarities with the Australoids and Oceanic Negroids. Genetic similarities of the Kolarians with the Australoids and Oceanic Negroids include :
Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and alcohol intolerance
A large ratio of B type blood
Rarity of Rhesus negative
Rarity of P2 gene
Rarity of A type, and especially A2
Shovel-shaped incisors are common
Low bi-zygomatic diameter
In addition, the hair is frequently reddish to blonde in childhood in the case of Australoid Blackfellows, Dravidians and Kolarians.
Genetic Studies of mtDNA of Dravidians in Andhra displayed a close similarity with African populations [ Bam ].
6. Zoological & Botanical Evidence
Zoological and Botanical similarities are numerous between animal and plant species of Africa, Australia and South India (Dravidia). This indicates that the similarity of humans extends to the plant and animal kingdoms as well. These similarities arise from either migration across the Suez and the MIddle East into India and thence to Australia, or due to submerged land bridges in the Indian Ocean.
6.1 Reptiles
Python -
The python is found from western Africa to China, Australia and the Pacific Islands. The slender reticulated python is probably the world's longest snake, often reaching 8 m ( 26 feet ) with one specimen recorded as 9.6 m in length. The Indian python is usually less than 4 m but is much thicker and sometimes reaches 8m in length. The African python often reaches 7 m while the species in West Africa ( the Ball/Royal python ) is, as expected, smaller, reaching 1.5 m. The blood python of Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo is reddish and averages 2.7 m.
-- [ EB 9 `python' 828 ]
Mangrove Snake -
The manrove snake, comprising 30 species of hte genus Boiga, is found from tropical Africa to Australia and Polynesia [ EB 7`mangr.'774 ].
6.2 Mammals
Rhinoceros -
The term denotes any of 5 species of the family Rhinocerotidae ( and sometimes includes extinct fossil genera ). These animals are found only in eastern and southern Africa and tropical Asia, lending further support to the unity of vegetation of Africa and India and indicating that recent exchange of zoo-botanicl contact existed much after the breakup of Gondwanaland. The great Indian rhino ( R. unicornis ) is the largest of all extant species, reaching 4.3 m in length and 2 m in height at the shoulder, while the Sumatran rhino is the smallest ( height 2.5 m or 8 foot and 2 m high ).
-- [ EB 10 `rhino' 23 ]
Buffalo -
Buffalos are again common to Africa and the Indies, while the related bison/wisent occurs in North America and Europe. The black Indian buffalo ( Bubalus bubalus ) reaches 1.5 m of more at the shoulder, as does the black Cape or African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ). A red-brown subspecies of the Cape buffalo in the dense forests of equatorial western Africa is, like humans and animals of West Africa in general, much smaller. The anoa, a small dark brown buffalo of the dense Celebes rainforests and the tamaraw of the Philippines are also smaller species.
-- [ EB 2 `buffalo' 607 ]
Elephant -
The elephant once again is restricted to the Indies and Africa. 3 species exist: the Indian elephant, the large African elephant and the dwarfish Pygmy elephant of the rainforests of West Africa.
-- [ EB 4 `elephant' 441-2 ]
Felidae (Felines) -
The lion was once found in Africa, Europe and Asia. Now it is found only in sub-Saharan Africa and in India (eg. the Gir National Forest, Gujarat) [ EB 7 `lion' 382-3 ]. The leopard is found from Africa trough Anatolia, Central Asia, India, China and Manchuria. Varieties include the Barbary, South Arabian, ANantolian, Amur, SInai leopards [ EB `leo.' 281 ]
6.3 Botanical
Baobab Tree -
The baobab trees ( Adansonia digitata ), belonging to the bombax family (Bombacaceae) are native to Africa. However, a closely related and very similar tree, also known as baobab ( Adansonia gregoria ), occurs in Australia ! [ EB 1 `baobab' 877 ]
Banyan Tree -
The banyan tree ( Ficus benghalensis ) with its characteristic prop roots that resemble trunks is native to India. However, a similar variety, the wonderboom ( Ficus pretoia ) of Africa is very similar [ EB 28 `trees' 881 ] !
Capparaceae Trees -
Trees of the order Capparaceae, family moringaceae occur from Africa to India [ EB 13`angio.'638 ] and are another indication of the unity of Indian and African botanical life.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix I - The Sudran Races
The Sudra, or Indo-African, Race consists of the following sub-races:
Dravidian - Dravidian-speaking Sudras:
Settled Dravidians - Tamils, Mallas/Malabaris, and Karnadas
Adivasi Dravidas in North India (Gonds, Bhils, Brahui etc.) and South India (Tulus, Kurumba etc.)
Kolarians - Austric-Speaking Blacks or Indo-Australoid Sudras.
Dalits - Hindicized Aboriginal Blacks and imported Africans (Habshis), SC in North India
Appendix II - Origin of the Term Sudra
The term Shudra first appears in Sanskrit texts around 1500 BC denoting one of the black aboriginal tribes that the Aryans conquered. It was subsequently expanded to all blacks subjugated, and the term Dasa or Dasyu , or slave, was used to denote the servitude to which most Sudras were subjected. Sanskrit texts refer to the Shudra as the black varna or colour. Thus Shudra is equivalent as a racial term to the Latin Negra . Initially it only referred to subjugated aboriginals and not the aboriginals themselves who were referred to as avarna and later Adiavasi. Thus the terms Adivasi and Sudra were exclusive. Later under Muslim rule Arabic: sudd-> black and hence Sudra 9not Shudra) became the generic term for Indian blacks.
In its modern sense Sudra denoted any black man in India and hence includes the following sub-races:
Dravidians - Speakers of Dravidian languages. This includes
South Indian Dravidians or Settled Dravidians
Tamils
Mallas/Malabaris : Malayalis, Mallas
Karanad
Adivasi or Aboriginal Dravidians (eg. Tulu, Kurumba)
Kolarians - Kolarian speakers, incl. Mundas, Oraons, Santal, Ho
Dalits - Hindicized Sudras. This includes
Habshis or Hindicized Abyssinians
Hindicized Kols, eg. Bhuiyas
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The term Shudra is first recorded from Sanskrit texts as referring to one of the black aboriginal tribes that the Aryans encountered. It is the name of a black tribe that was adopted into Sanskrit and was subsequently used to denote those blacks who had entered the caste system as the lowest `varna' or color. They were the black varna. Initially, a distinction was drawn between Sudra and Adivasi (aboriginal blacks outside the caste system). However, in Prakrits the distinction was blurred, and Shudra was used for any aboriginal. During the Islamic Califate of Hindustan, Arabic became a sacred language, and in Arabic `sudd' means black ( hence the `bilad as-Sudan' or the Sudan of Africa ), and hence Sudra was used for any black, even the blacks imported from Africa. Terms of Abuse incl. Kalu kalia Kaluta kaffir English Hindustani Negro (Latin "negri") Sudra (Sans. "Shudra", Arab. "Sudd",black Black Kala
Appendix III - Nasal Index
The classification in general use is - leptorrhine (fine nose) if the nasal index is <> 85. The Indo-Aryan is comparable to the European, fopr the French of Paris have a nasal index of 69.4 as measurd by Topinard [ Ris 28-9 ]. According to Sir H.H.Risley, the nose of Sudras is very similar to that of the lowest Negro types. The nasal index frequently reaches more than 100. The Paniyans of Malabar have an average nasal index of 95, while certain individual Kadias of Tamil Nad measured 115. [ Ris App.III p.369].
Race Nasal Index Nasal Type
Indo-Aryan (Arya)
Brahman (Bengal) 70.3 sub-leptorrhine
Brahman (Bihar) 73.2 sub-leptorrhine
Brahman (Bhojpur) 74.6 sub-leptorrhine
Rajput 71.6 sub-leptorrhine
Kayasth (Bengal) 70.3 sub-leptorrhine
Jat 68.8 leptorrhine
Vaisya (Bania) 79.6 sub-leptorrhine
Gujjar 66.9 leptorrhine
Sikhs 68.8 leptorrhine [ Ris 28-9 ]
Sudroid
Paniyans (Malabar) 95.1 platyrrhine
Santal 88.8 platyrrhine
Munda 89.9 platyrrhine
Kol 82.2 sub-platyrrhine
Kadia 89.8 platyrrhine
Vellala 73.1 sub-platyrrhine
Tamil Brahman 76.7 sub-platyrrhine
Asur (Lohardaga) 95.9 platyrrhine
Bhil 84.1 sub-platyrrhine
Pariah 80.0 sub-platyrrhine
Irula 80.9 sub-platyrrhine
Kadia 89.8 platyrrhine
Musahar 88.7 platyrrhine
Chamar 86.0 platyrrhine
Dom 83.0 sub-platyrrhine
-- [ Ris App. III p.395 ff ]
Certain more recent analysts wish to refute Risley's claims [ Ghurye ] [ Bose ] but their results lack the depth and quality of RIsley's.
Appendix IV - Linguistic Relationships
The most evident linguistic connections between African and Dravidian languages is in place-names:
Africa India
------ ------
Botswana, Bophutatswana (reg) Gondwana (region)
Ubangi (river) Bhangi (caste)
Gonder (town, reg.) Gond (tribe)
Gongola Gond
Gonga (people,Ghana) Gond
Galla (tribe) Goala (caste), Gaya (town)
Kongo (river, reg., tribe) Kongu Nadu (reg.), Kond or Khond (tribe)
Imbangala (tribe) Bangala or Bengal (tribe, reg.)
Tsonga (tribe) Tunga (Kalinga abor. rulg. family)
Tonga (tribe) Tunga
Pongo Pandya (Tamil dyn.), Ponda
Kadamba Kurumba (tribe, dyn.)
Katanga (distt., Congo) Kurumba
Karanga (eth.Zimbab.) Kurumba
Kamba (n.e. Bantu) Kadamba (or Kurumba)
Sotho, Basuto (tr., S.Afr.) Sudra (caste)
Aja (tr., Nigeria) Anga
Kinga (tr.) Kalinga (natn)
Ila (tr.) Irula
Ila Bhilla
Toga Toda
Ganda (tr.) Ganda (anus, Sans.)
Mamba Malla, Malaya, Malabar
Nuer Nayar (caste)
Pongo Pengu (tr.,Orissa)
Mende (w.afr.people) Manda (Drav.people)
Zulu (tr., S.Af.) Tulu
Uganda Konda (Dr.tr.), Gonda
Iramba (rift Bantu) Irula
Turu (rift Bantu) Tulu
Masai (e. Nilotes) Malay or Malabar, Mallas
Kinga (Nyasa Bantu, Tanz.) Kalinga (natn.,race)
Manyika Mleccha (sans. for barbarian)
The `Congo' river and the `Kongo' tribes are cognate to the Kongu Nadu comprising the Salem tract in Tamil Nadu prior to its conquest by the Cholas [ EB 10 salem 350 ]. The suffix `-wana' is common to Bantu and Dravidian languages, thus Botswana and Bophuthatswana in southern Africa [ EB 2 botswana 412 ] [ EB 2 boph. 376 ] and Gondwana in central India [ EB 5:358 ]. The Mbangala or Imbangala warrior tribe of central Angola [ EB 6: imb. 266 ] are cognate to the Bangala tribe and the region named after them in eastern India, which later became Bengal. The Ubangi river [ EB ubangi 12:98 ] is the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo river and flows past Bangui town (the capital of the Central African Republic). A black tribe (and later low caste) by the name of Bhangi exists in northern India. The Bangweulu is a large lake and swamp region in northeastern Zambia. In Bantu the term denotes `Large Water' [ EB 1 bangw. 868 ] The Galla are the largest ethnic group in Ethipia, forming 40 % of the population [ EB 5 galla 87 ]. They are cattle-herders, as are the black-skinned low-caste known as Goala (cow-herders) in central India. The Mbundu are the second-largest ethnic group of Angola [ EB 7 mbundu 986 ] while the Munda are in Eastern India. The Ndongo tribe of the Mbundu [ EB 7 mbundu 986 ] are perhaps cognate to the Dombas or Doms of India. The Godabas of Somalia may have given their name to the Godavari River in the Deccan. Congates of `gond' and `gong' are widepread in Africa and Dravidia. Gonder or Gondar is the ancient capital of Ethiopia 1652-1855 as well as the surrounding region. The Gongola river is the primary tributary of the Benue River, while the Gongola basin is in northeastern Nigeria [ EB 5 gongola 359 ]. The Guang or Gonja in northern Ghana, who are descendant of Mandingos, speak the Gur and Goja languages and founded the Gonja kingdom [ EB 5 guang 532 ] The Gond are a large group of Draviidan tribes in Central India.
The Congolese linguist Th. Obenga proposed the term `Indo-African' languages in analogy with `Indo-European' [ Obenga ]. Prof. L. Homburger established close linguistic connections between Dravidian and Senegalese languages especially Fulani, as well as Kannada - Bantu and Telugu - Mande relationships [ Hom ]. Prof. Tuttle established connections between Nubian and Dravidian languages [ Tuttle ]. Prof. Lahoverty established conections between African and Dravidian languages [ Lah ]. Senegalese and Dravidian languages are closely related grammatically, structurally and lexically [ N'D ] [ Ups ]. The Upper Nile basin is considered by some scholars to be the original home of the Dravidians on linguistic grounds [ Win.gen 1118 ]
Clear relationships have been established between Dravidian and Australoid languages [ Holmer ] [ Bleek ] [ 3 Oc. 189 ].
Apendix V - Lemuria
Dravidian legends mention an ancient landmass which disappeared into the Ocean. The Tamils say that it was highly populated and included large cities, now buried beneath the sea. Tamil historians have discussed this land mass in detail throughout history; eg. Ariyarkkunallar in the 12th century. Linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians are related to the C-group Nubians of the Western Sahara who built the Kerma empire. Since Egypt was often at war with Kerma, the connection across Lemuria seems more plausible. [Winters:Agri]
The English zoologost Philip Sclater propsed the theory of the continent of Lemuria in the mid-1800s [ 3 Oc. 127 ]
Appendix V - Miscellaneous Notes
The Asurs of Lohardaga [ Ris p.399 ] Dravidian
`In fact the word `Kol' is a loose term used by the Hindus of the plains as a word of derision. De Meulder describes it as an Indian equivalent of the word `nigger' in the US ... [for scientific purposes Kol includes teh Larka Kols or Hos of Man and Dhalbhhum, the Munda Kols of Chotanagpur and the Bhumij ... The Hos are physically [supereior] to the other cognate branches of the Kolarian tribes... p.9 `The constatnt early use of teh bow expanded the chest and set the muscles and their innate passion for the chase over the steep and rugged hills brought their lower limbs nto a state of fitness, which the best phulwan (wrestler) of the plains of India might envy. Male height average 5'5" or 5'6" height women 5'2" .. copper tint complexion common women physically hetter ... developed Aryan influence ... more than 50 % of the population in Chota Nagpur division.'
-- [C.P.Singh p.8]
References
[ Arav.ph ] = K.P.Aravanan, `Physical and cultural similarities between Dravidian and African' , J. of Tamil Studies 10 (1976) 23-27
[ Arav.bk ] = K.P.Aravanan, `Dravidians and Africans', Madras 1979.
[ Arav.neg ] = K.P. Aravanan, `Notable negroid elements in Dravidian India', Journal of Tamil Studies 17 (1980) pp.20-45.
[ Ann. ] = `The Annals of Rural Bengal', W.W.Hunter, Broomhill House 1868, reprinted in `Landmarsk in Indian Anthropology', vol. 7, Cosmo Publishing, N.Delhi 1987
[ Bam ] = M. Bamshad et al, "mtDNA Variation in Caste Populations" Human Biology v. 68 (1996) 1
[ Bleek ] = `Handbook of African, Australian & Polynesian Languages', William H.J.Bleek, 3 vols. (1858-63)
[ Bose ] = `The Gazetteer of India', vol.1, Govt. of India, 1973, N.K.Bose, A.Mitra & H.Mukherjee. opposes Risley's idea of nasal index variation by caste.
[ Ghurye ] = `Caste, Class and Occupation in India', Bombay 1961 opposes the notion of caste variation of nasal index.
[ Holmer ] = `On the History & Structure of the Australian Language', N.M.Holmer, Lund, Sweden 1963
[ Lal ] = Lal, B , "The Only Asian expedition in threatened Nubia : Work by an Indian Mission at Afyeh and Tumas", The Illustrated London Times , 20 April 1963.
[ N'D ] C.T. N'Diaye, `The relationship between Dravidian languages and Wolof', Annamalai University Ph.D. Thesis.1978.
[ Muir ] = `Original Sanskrit Texts', Muir
[ Obenga ] = `L'Afrique dans l'Antiquete', Th. Obenga, Paris
[ 3 Oc. ] = `Riddles of 3 Oceans', Alexander Kondratov
[ Ris ] = `The People of India' by Sir H.H.Risley 1915
2nd ed., ed. by Sir W. Crooke 1969
[ Singh ] = P. Singh, `Burial Practices in Ancient India', Varanasi 1984
[ Seng.neg ] = `Negritude and Dravidian Culture' , L.S.Senghor, J. of Tamil Studies 10 (1974) p.4
[ Seng.y ] = `Why create a Department of Indo-African Studies at Dahar', J. of Tamil Studies 5 (1974) 1-11
[ Tuttle ] = `Dravidian and Nubian', E.H.Tuttle, J. of the Amer. Oreintal Society 52 (1932) 133-144
[ Upa ] = `Dravidian and Negro-African', U.P.Upadhyaya, Intnl. J. of Dravidian Linguisitsics 5:1 (1976) 32-64
[ U+U 76 ] = P.Upadhyaya & S.P.Upadhyaya, `Affinites ethno-linguistiques entre Dravidiens et les Negro-Africain' , Bull. IFAN , no.1 (1976) pp.127-157
[ U+U 79 ] = P. Upadhyaya & S.P. Upadhyaya, `Les liens entre Kerala et l"Afrique tels qu'ils resosortent des survivances culturelles et linguistiques', Bulletin de L'IFAN , no.1 (1979) pp.100-132
[ Win.gen ] = `The Genetic Unity of Dravidian and African Language and Culture', Clyde A. Winters, 1st Intnl Symosm. on Asian Studies 5, 1105-1120
[ Win.agri ] = `African Influences on Indian Agriculture',
J of African Civlization, 3:1 (April 1981) p.100-110
[ Win.un ] = C.A. Winters, `The Unity of African and Indian Agriculture', Journal of African Civilization 3, no.1 (1981a) p.103
[ Win.prot ] = C.A.Winters, `The Proto-Culture of the Dravidians, Manding and Sumerians', Tamil Civilization 3, no.1 (March 1985) p.1-9
[ Win.pla ] = C.A.Winters, `Common African and Dravidian Place Name Elements', South Asian Anthropologist 9:1 (1988) 32-36
[ Win.dal ] = `The African Origin of Glorious Dalits', Dalit Voice 4:2 (16-30 Sept. 1985 ) 1-8
[ Win.lang ] = C.A.Winters, "The Dravidian and African Languages", International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics , 23 (2), (1994) pp.34-52.
[ Win.com ] = C.A.Winters, `Linguistic continuity and African and Dravidian languages', 25 (2), (1996) pp.24-35.
[ Win.elam ] = C.A.Winters, "The genetic Unity between the Dravidian ,Elamite, Manding and Sumerian Languages", Proc. Sixth ISAS ,1984, (Hong Kong:Asian Research Service,1985d) pages 1413-1425.
[ EB ] = `Encyclopedia Britannica'
________________________________
From http://web.archive.org/web/20010127194900/dalitstan.org/holocaust/invasion/histgene.html
San Francisco Chronicle, 26 May, 1999
History of Ancient Indian Conquest Told in Modern Genes, Experts Say
Robert Cooke, Newsday
Like an indelible signature enduring through a hundred generations, genes that entered India when conquering hordes swooped down from the north thousands of years ago are still there, and remain entrenched at the top of the caste system, scientists report. Analyses of the male Y chromosome, plus genes hidden in small cellular bodies called mitochondria, show that today's genetic patterns agree with accounts of ancient Indo-European warriors' conquering the Indian subcontinent.
The invaders apparently shoved the local men aside, took their women and set up the rigid caste system that exists today. Their descendants are still the elite within Hindu society.
INVADING CAUCASOIDS
Thus today's genetic patterns, the researchers explained, vividly reflect a historic event, or events, that occurred 3,000 or 4,000 years ago. The gene patterns ``are consistent with a historical scenario in which invading Caucasoids -- primarily males -- established the caste system and occupied the highest positions, placing the indigenous population, who were more similar to Asians, in lower caste positions.''
The researchers, from the University of Utah and Andhra Pradesh University in India, used two sets of genes in their analyses.
One set, from the mitochondria, are only passed maternally and can be used to track female inheritance. The other, on the male-determining Y chromosome, can only be passed along paternally and thus track male inheritance.
The data imply, then, ``that there was a group of males with European affinities who were largely responsible for this invasion 3,000 or 4,000 years ago,'' said geneticist Lynn Jorde of the University of Utah.
If women had accompanied the invaders, he said, the evidence should be seen in the mitochondrial genes, but it is not evident.
According to geneticist Douglas Wallace of Emory University in Atlanta, the work reported by Jorde and his colleagues ``is very interesting, and is certainly worth further study.''
Along with Jorde, the research team included Michael Bamshad, W.S. Watkins and M.E. Dixon from Utah and B.B. Rao, B.V.R. Prasad and J.M. Naidu, from Andhra Pradesh University.
UPWARDLY MOBILE WOMEN
By studying both sets of genetic markers, the research team found clear evidence echoing what is still seen socially, that women can be upwardly mobile, in terms of caste, if they marry higher-caste men. In contrast, men generally do not move higher, because women rarely marry men from lower castes, the researchers said.
``Our expectations in this natural experiment are borne out when we look at the genes,'' said Jorde. ``It's one of the few cases where we know the mating situation in a population for 150 generations. So it's kind of a test for how well the genes reflect a population's history.''
The ancient story holds that invaders known as Indo-Europeans, or true Aryans, came from Eastern Europe or western Asia and conquered the Indian subcontinent. The people they subdued descended from the original inhabitants who had arrived far earlier from Africa and from other parts of Asia.
During the genetic studies, in 1996 and 1997, researchers took blood samples from hundreds of people in southern India. The analyses compared the genes from 316 caste members and 330 members of tribal populations, looking for signs of Asian, European and African ancestry.
In the mitochondrial genes passed along by females, Jorde said, they could see the clear background of Asian genes. ``All of the caste groups were similar to Asians, the underlying population'' that had originally been subdued.
But, he added, ``when we look at the Y chromosome DNA, we see a very different pattern. The lower castes are most similar to Asians, and the upper castes are more European than Asian.''
Further, ``when we look at the different components within the upper caste, the group with the greatest European similarity of all is the warrior class, the Kshatriya, who are still at the top of the Hindu castes, with the Brahmins,'' Jorde said.
``But the Brahmins, in terms of their Y chromosomes, are a little bit more Asian.''
So the genetic results are ``consistent with historical accounts that women sometimes marry into higher caste, resulting in female gene flow between adjacent castes. In contrast, males seldom change castes, so Y chromosome'' variation occurs only as a result of natural mutations, Jorde said.
CASTE SYSTEM STILL ALIVE
He added that even though India's ancient caste system was abolished legally in the 1960s, it is still entrenched socially.
``People are very well aware of their caste membership,'' he said, noting that in some cities the housing is still arranged along caste lines. So ``one might argue, unfortunately so, that it (the caste system) does exist in people's minds.''
In terms of who marries whom, the researchers described the Hindu caste system as ``governing the mating practices of nearly one-sixth of the world's population.''
The blood samples taken from tribal people in southern India are still being analyzed, Jorde added.
But so far, ``the tribal populations are more similar to the lower castes than to anyone else, similar to the original residents of India,'' he said.
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http://web.archive.org/web/20010215034506/dalitstan.org/holocaust/invasion/ele_evid.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20010215035624/dalitstan.org/holocaust/negation/zydenram.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20001202050100/www.dalitstan.org/journal/genocide/dalits/d_1990s.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20010622022747/www.dalitstan.org/books/
http://web.archive.org/web/20001004023045/www.dalitstan.org/journal/genocide/christians/godmnrom.html
http://web.archive.org/web/20010503133852/www.dalitstan.org/books/b_gold/b_gold3.html
http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/afrodalit.htm
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From http://web.archive.org/web/20010702004703/www.dalitstan.org/books/sudroid/
The Sudroid (Indo-Negroid) Race
by Hari Rao
The Sudran, or Sudroid, race refers to the aboriginal populations of India. Formerly widepread over all of India, they were displaced from most of Hindustan (North India) and virtually all of the Deccan by invading Aryans. Sudroid includes the following peoples:
Sudroid
Dravidoids (speakers of Dravidian languages)
Untouchables or Avarans
Antyajas/Dalits/SC
Adivasis/ST
Vedic Shudrs (Aryanized and enslaved blacks)
They are a black race, closely related to the Africans and Australoids, as evident from -
Black skin , broad noses , thick lips and wavy-curly hair
Linguistically, all the languages are related.
Genetically they are closely related
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This ends the basic section. The advanced section is below.
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The Sudroid (Indo-Negroid) Race
Table of Contents
The unity of Sudroids, Africoids and Australoids
1. Physiognomic Similarities
1.1 Black Skin
1.2 Nose Width (Nasal Index)
1.3 Wavy-Curly Hair and Thick Lips
1.4 Prognathism
1.5 Skeletal Similarities
2. Ethnographic Evidence
2.1 Boomerang & Hunting Customs
2.2 Theological
2.3 Burial & Funerary Customs
2.4 Circumcision & Initiation Rites
2.5 Agricultural
2.6 Building Construction & Ship-Building
2.7 Inheritance
2.8 Calendar
3. Archaeological
3.1 Megalithic Cultures
3.2 Pottery : Red-and-Black Ware
4. Linguistic
5. Genetic
6. Zoological & Botanical
6.1 Reptiles
6.2 Mammals
6.3 Botanical
1. Physiognomy
1.1 Black Skin
The most evident similarity between Africans and Sudroids is their black skin colour. It often approaches deep black, and when shiny resemble tar. The Adi Dravidas (true Dravidians) of South India are black like the Africans with a slightly different hair texture [ Win.gen ].
1.2 Nasal Index
The nose of Sudroids closely resembles that of Negroids and Australoids, being very broad. In both pure black African and pure Sudroid it is often as wide as it is broad, ie. the nasal index (ratio of width to height) is 100. By contrast Caucasians are fine-nosed. The Indo-Aryan is thus very similar to the European, possessing a fine nose, while the Sudroid is related to the Africans -
Race Nasal Index Nasal Type
Arya (Indo-Aryan)
Brahman (Bengal) 70.3 fine-nosed sub-leptorrhine
Rajput 71.6 fine-nosed sub-leptorrhine
Vaisya (Jat) 68.8 fine-nosed leptorrhine
Vaisya (Bania) 79.6 medium-nosed mesorrhine
Sudroid
Dravidian (Kadian) 89.8 broad-nosed platyrrhine
Dalit (Chamar) 86.0 broad-nosed platyrrhine
Adivasi (Munda) 89.9 broad-nosed platyrrhine
Vedic Shudrs (Dom) 83.0 broad-nosed sub-platyrrhine
-- [ Ris App. III p.395 ff ]
By comparison, the French of Paris average 69.4 [ Ris 28-9 ], while pure Africans average between 90 and 100.
1.3 Wavy-Curly Hair & Thick Lips
The hair of Sudroids is wavy and often curly, with imported Africans ( eg. the Makranis, the Siddis of Sind and the Dakhin ) it is frizzy. It is a common misconception to asume all Africoids have frizzy hair; it is often curly and wavy in Nubia and Abyssinia.
Curly Hair -
Friedrich Mueller classified black races according to hair texture, classing them under the tufted-haired peoples ( Bushmen, Hottentots and Papuans ), fleece-haired peoples ( Bantu and Negro ) and wavy-haired peoples ( Hamitic, Semitic and Nuba-Fulla ).
-- [ EB `Languages of the World' ]
Another trait in common is the thick everted lips [ Arav.neg ] .
1.4 Prognathism
Pronounced prognathism is characteristic of all black races from Africa to southern India and Oceania - Australia. In addition, the teeth are relatively larger in case of Australoids and Kolarians, as well as Dravidians.
1.5 Skeletal Similarities
Long Forearm -
The forearm of Suroids and Africans are long.
Dolicocephaly -
Dolicocephaly ( long-headedness ) is common amongst Sudras. In fact, many are classed as hyperdolicocephalic. Dolicocephaly is common amongst East Africans in general ( Nilotes, Sudanic Blacks and Cushites - Hamites or Abyssinians )
2. Ethnographic Evidence
2.1 Boomerang & Hunting Customs
The boomerang is used by Dravidian abroginals, Australoids and is recorded from Egypt.
2.2 Theological
Both Africans and Dravidians held a common interest in teh cult of the Serpent and believed tn a Supreme God, who lived in aplace of peace and tranqulity. Murugan the Dravidian god of the mounatins parallels a common god in East Africa worshipped by 25 ethnic groups called Murungu, the god who resides in the mountains [ Win.gen ]
2.3 Burial & Death Rites
Burning of the dead body is a characteristic of Indo-Aryans, while burial of the dead was common to Indo-Africans. In both South India and the Western Sudan and Senegambia the dead were buried and interned in terra cotta jars [ Singh ] [ Win.gen ]
2.4 Circumcision & Initiation Rites
Circumcision, both male and female, was practiced by Dravidians and is still widely practiced in Africa.
2.5 Agricultural
Both groups use the hoe for tilling the ground, manuring the ground to fertilize crops, terracing irrrigation and canal building.
Wheat of the 6-row variety, which is found in predynastic graves in Egypt, has been discovered at Harappan sites dating much later, as late as 2300-1750 BC. On the Gangetic plain, barley was found at neolithic Hallum in Mysore state (1800 BC). Pearl millet has been found at Saurasthra and Ahar (1200-100 BC). Indian sorghum is clearly of African origin. Cultivated cotton which came from West Africa appear at Mohenjo-Daro and harrapa from 2300-1700 BC. [ Win.agri ]
2.6 Building Construction & Ship-Building
Both races used a single log or planks tied together
2.7 Inheritance
Among the ali tiravitar (Adi Dravidas, or real Dravidians), the system of inheritance passes from the uncle to his nephews, instead of his sons (maru makkal tayam) as in Africa [ Win.gen ]
2.8 Calendrical
The Dravidians and Africans used the same calendrical systema [ Win.agri ].
3. Archaeological
3.1 Megalithic Cultures
Megalithic cultures in India and Africa dating to the third millenium BC are very similar: both contain black-and-red ware, bones and pottery sarcophagi near water tanks [ Win:Agri ]. Cave paintings are also very similar, pointing to ancient contacts.
3.2 Pottery : Red-and-Black Ware
The black races are consistently associated with red-and-black pottery all over the world. Pottery of the Nubians is very similar to Dravidian pottery.
4. Linguistic
The most evident linguistic connections between African and Dravidian languages is in place-names:
Africa India
------ ------
Botswana, Bophutatswana (reg) Gondwana (region)
Ubangi (river) Bhangi (caste)
Gonder (town, reg.) Gond (tribe)
Galla (tribe) Goala (caste), Gaya (town)
Kongo (river, reg., tribe) Kongu Nadu (reg.), Kond or Khond (tribe)
Imbangala (tribe) Bangala or Bengal (tribe, reg.)
The `Congo' river and the `Kongo' tribes are cognate to the Kongu Nadu comprising the Salem tract in Tamil Nadu prior to its conquest by the Cholas [ EB 10 salem 350 ].
The suffix `-wana' is common to Bantu and Dravidian languages, thus Botswana and Bophuthatswana in southern Africa [ EB 2 botswana 412 ] [ EB 2 boph. 376 ] and Gondwana in central India [ EB 5:358 ].
The Mbangala or Imbangala warrior tribe of central Angola [ EB 6: imb. 266 ] are cognate to the Bangala tribe and the region named after them in eastern India, which later became Bengal.
The Ubangi river [ EB ubangi 12:98 ] is the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo river and flows past Bangui town (the capital of the Central African Republic). A black tribe (and later low caste) by the name of Bhangi exists in northern India. The Bangweulu is a large lake and swamp region in northeastern Zambia. In Bantu the term denotes `Large Water' [ EB 1 bangw. 868 ]
The Galla are the largest ethnic group in Ethipia, forming 40 % of the population [ EB 5 galla 87 ]. They are cattle-herders, as are the black-skinned low-caste known as Goala (cow-herders) in central India.
The Mbundu are the second-largest ethnic group of Angola [ EB 7 mbundu 986 ] while the Munda are in Eastern India.
The Ndongo tribe of the Mbundu [ EB 7 mbundu 986 ] are perhaps cognate to the Dombas or Doms of India.
The Godabas of Somalia may have given their name to the Godavari River in the Deccan.
Congates of `gond' and `gong' are widepread in Africa and Dravidia. Gonder or Gondar is the ancient capital of Ethiopia 1652-1855 as well as the surrounding region. The Gongola river is the primary tributary of the Benue River, while the Gongola basin is in northeastern Nigeria [ EB 5 gongola 359 ]. The Guang or Gonja in northern Ghana, who are descendant of Mandingos, speak the Gur and Goja languages and founded the Gonja kingdom [ EB 5 guang 532 ] The Gond are a large group of Draviidan tribes in Central India.
The Congolese linguist Th. Obenga proposed the term `Indo-African' languages in analogy with `Indo-European' [ Obenga ]. Prof. L. Homburger established close linguistic connections between Dravidian and Senegalese languages especially Fulani, as well as Kannada - Bantu and Telugu - Mande relationships [ Hom ]. Prof. Tuttle established connections between Nubian and Dravidian languages [ Tuttle ]. Prof. Lahoverty established conections between African and Dravidian languages [ Lah ]. Senegalese and Dravidian languages are closely related grammatically, structurally and lexically [ N'D ] [ Ups ]. The Upper Nile basin is considered by some scholars to be the original home of the Dravidians on linguistic grounds [ Win.gen 1118 ]
Dravidian legends mention an ancient landmass which disappeared into the Ocean. The Tamils say that it was highly populated and included large cities, now buried beneath the sea. Tamil historians have discussed this land mass in detail throughout history; eg. Ariyarkkunallar in the 12th century. Linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians are related to the C-group Nubians of the Western Sahara who built the Kerma empire. Since Egypt was often at war with Kerma, the connection across Lemuria seems more plausible. [Winters:Agri]
5. Genetic
The Sudroid and Africoid peoples are also genetically closely related. The genetic similarities between Africans and Sudrics include:
Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Gene for sickle-cell anemia is common
Enzymes providing malaria resistance are present
The Kolarians (Indo-Australoids) share many genetic similarities with the Australoids and Oceanic Negroids. Genetic similarities of the Kolarians with the Australoids and Oceanic Negroids include :
Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and alcohol intolerance
A large ratio of B type blood
Rarity of Rhesus negative
Rarity of P2 gene
Rarity of A type, and especially A2
Shovel-shaped incisors are common
Low bi-zygomatic diameter
In addition, the hair is frequently reddish to blonde in childhood in the case of Australoid Blackfellows, Dravidians and Kolarians.
Genetic Studies of mtDNA of Dravidians in Andhra displayed a close similarity with African populations [ Bam ].
6. Zoological & Botanical Evidence
Zoological and Botanical similarities are numerous between animal and plant species of Africa, Australia and South India (Dravidia). This indicates that the similarity of humans extends to the plant and animal kingdoms as well. These similarities arise from either migration across the Suez and the MIddle East into India and thence to Australia, or due to submerged land bridges in the Indian Ocean.
6.1 Reptiles
Python -
The python is found from western Africa to China, Australia and the Pacific Islands. The slender reticulated python is probably the world's longest snake, often reaching 8 m ( 26 feet ) with one specimen recorded as 9.6 m in length. The Indian python is usually less than 4 m but is much thicker and sometimes reaches 8m in length. The African python often reaches 7 m while the species in West Africa ( the Ball/Royal python ) is, as expected, smaller, reaching 1.5 m. The blood python of Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo is reddish and averages 2.7 m.
-- [ EB 9 `python' 828 ]
Mangrove Snake -
The manrove snake, comprising 30 species of hte genus Boiga, is found from tropical Africa to Australia and Polynesia [ EB 7`mangr.'774 ].
6.2 Mammals
Rhinoceros -
The term denotes any of 5 species of the family Rhinocerotidae ( and sometimes includes extinct fossil genera ). These animals are found only in eastern and southern Africa and tropical Asia, lending further support to the unity of vegetation of Africa and India and indicating that recent exchange of zoo-botanicl contact existed much after the breakup of Gondwanaland. The great Indian rhino ( R. unicornis ) is the largest of all extant species, reaching 4.3 m in length and 2 m in height at the shoulder, while the Sumatran rhino is the smallest ( height 2.5 m or 8 foot and 2 m high ).
-- [ EB 10 `rhino' 23 ]
Buffalo -
Buffalos are again common to Africa and the Indies, while the related bison/wisent occurs in North America and Europe. The black Indian buffalo ( Bubalus bubalus ) reaches 1.5 m of more at the shoulder, as does the black Cape or African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ). A red-brown subspecies of the Cape buffalo in the dense forests of equatorial western Africa is, like humans and animals of West Africa in general, much smaller. The anoa, a small dark brown buffalo of the dense Celebes rainforests and the tamaraw of the Philippines are also smaller species.
-- [ EB 2 `buffalo' 607 ]
Elephant -
The elephant once again is restricted to the Indies and Africa. 3 species exist: the Indian elephant, the large African elephant and the dwarfish Pygmy elephant of the rainforests of West Africa.
-- [ EB 4 `elephant' 441-2 ]
Felidae (Felines) -
The lion was once found in Africa, Europe and Asia. Now it is found only in sub-Saharan Africa and in India (eg. the Gir National Forest, Gujarat) [ EB 7 `lion' 382-3 ]. The leopard is found from Africa trough Anatolia, Central Asia, India, China and Manchuria. Varieties include the Barbary, South Arabian, ANantolian, Amur, SInai leopards [ EB `leo.' 281 ]
6.3 Botanical
Baobab Tree -
The baobab trees ( Adansonia digitata ), belonging to the bombax family (Bombacaceae) are native to Africa. However, a closely related and very similar tree, also known as baobab ( Adansonia gregoria ), occurs in Australia ! [ EB 1 `baobab' 877 ]
Banyan Tree -
The banyan tree ( Ficus benghalensis ) with its characteristic prop roots that resemble trunks is native to India. However, a similar variety, the wonderboom ( Ficus pretoia ) of Africa is very similar [ EB 28 `trees' 881 ] !
Capparaceae Trees -
Trees of the order Capparaceae, family moringaceae occur from Africa to India [ EB 13`angio.'638 ] and are another indication of the unity of Indian and African botanical life.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix I - The Sudran Races
The Sudra, or Indo-African, Race consists of the following sub-races:
Dravidian - Dravidian-speaking Sudras:
Settled Dravidians - Tamils, Mallas/Malabaris, and Karnadas
Adivasi Dravidas in North India (Gonds, Bhils, Brahui etc.) and South India (Tulus, Kurumba etc.)
Kolarians - Austric-Speaking Blacks or Indo-Australoid Sudras.
Dalits - Hindicized Aboriginal Blacks and imported Africans (Habshis), SC in North India
Appendix II - Origin of the Term Sudra
The term Shudra first appears in Sanskrit texts around 1500 BC denoting one of the black aboriginal tribes that the Aryans conquered. It was subsequently expanded to all blacks subjugated, and the term Dasa or Dasyu , or slave, was used to denote the servitude to which most Sudras were subjected. Sanskrit texts refer to the Shudra as the black varna or colour. Thus Shudra is equivalent as a racial term to the Latin Negra . Initially it only referred to subjugated aboriginals and not the aboriginals themselves who were referred to as avarna and later Adiavasi. Thus the terms Adivasi and Sudra were exclusive. Later under Muslim rule Arabic: sudd-> black and hence Sudra 9not Shudra) became the generic term for Indian blacks.
In its modern sense Sudra denoted any black man in India and hence includes the following sub-races:
Dravidians - Speakers of Dravidian languages. This includes
South Indian Dravidians or Settled Dravidians
Tamils
Mallas/Malabaris : Malayalis, Mallas
Karanad
Adivasi or Aboriginal Dravidians (eg. Tulu, Kurumba)
Kolarians - Kolarian speakers, incl. Mundas, Oraons, Santal, Ho
Dalits - Hindicized Sudras. This includes
Habshis or Hindicized Abyssinians
Hindicized Kols, eg. Bhuiyas
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The term Shudra is first recorded from Sanskrit texts as referring to one of the black aboriginal tribes that the Aryans encountered. It is the name of a black tribe that was adopted into Sanskrit and was subsequently used to denote those blacks who had entered the caste system as the lowest `varna' or color. They were the black varna. Initially, a distinction was drawn between Sudra and Adivasi (aboriginal blacks outside the caste system). However, in Prakrits the distinction was blurred, and Shudra was used for any aboriginal. During the Islamic Califate of Hindustan, Arabic became a sacred language, and in Arabic `sudd' means black ( hence the `bilad as-Sudan' or the Sudan of Africa ), and hence Sudra was used for any black, even the blacks imported from Africa. Terms of Abuse incl. Kalu kalia Kaluta kaffir English Hindustani Negro (Latin "negri") Sudra (Sans. "Shudra", Arab. "Sudd",black Black Kala
Appendix III - Nasal Index
The classification in general use is - leptorrhine (fine nose) if the nasal index is <> 85. The Indo-Aryan is comparable to the European, fopr the French of Paris have a nasal index of 69.4 as measurd by Topinard [ Ris 28-9 ]. According to Sir H.H.Risley, the nose of Sudras is very similar to that of the lowest Negro types. The nasal index frequently reaches more than 100. The Paniyans of Malabar have an average nasal index of 95, while certain individual Kadias of Tamil Nad measured 115. [ Ris App.III p.369].
Race Nasal Index Nasal Type
Indo-Aryan (Arya)
Brahman (Bengal) 70.3 sub-leptorrhine
Brahman (Bihar) 73.2 sub-leptorrhine
Brahman (Bhojpur) 74.6 sub-leptorrhine
Rajput 71.6 sub-leptorrhine
Kayasth (Bengal) 70.3 sub-leptorrhine
Jat 68.8 leptorrhine
Vaisya (Bania) 79.6 sub-leptorrhine
Gujjar 66.9 leptorrhine
Sikhs 68.8 leptorrhine [ Ris 28-9 ]
Sudroid
Paniyans (Malabar) 95.1 platyrrhine
Santal 88.8 platyrrhine
Munda 89.9 platyrrhine
Kol 82.2 sub-platyrrhine
Kadia 89.8 platyrrhine
Vellala 73.1 sub-platyrrhine
Tamil Brahman 76.7 sub-platyrrhine
Asur (Lohardaga) 95.9 platyrrhine
Bhil 84.1 sub-platyrrhine
Pariah 80.0 sub-platyrrhine
Irula 80.9 sub-platyrrhine
Kadia 89.8 platyrrhine
Musahar 88.7 platyrrhine
Chamar 86.0 platyrrhine
Dom 83.0 sub-platyrrhine
-- [ Ris App. III p.395 ff ]
Certain more recent analysts wish to refute Risley's claims [ Ghurye ] [ Bose ] but their results lack the depth and quality of RIsley's.
Appendix IV - Linguistic Relationships
The most evident linguistic connections between African and Dravidian languages is in place-names:
Africa India
------ ------
Botswana, Bophutatswana (reg) Gondwana (region)
Ubangi (river) Bhangi (caste)
Gonder (town, reg.) Gond (tribe)
Gongola Gond
Gonga (people,Ghana) Gond
Galla (tribe) Goala (caste), Gaya (town)
Kongo (river, reg., tribe) Kongu Nadu (reg.), Kond or Khond (tribe)
Imbangala (tribe) Bangala or Bengal (tribe, reg.)
Tsonga (tribe) Tunga (Kalinga abor. rulg. family)
Tonga (tribe) Tunga
Pongo Pandya (Tamil dyn.), Ponda
Kadamba Kurumba (tribe, dyn.)
Katanga (distt., Congo) Kurumba
Karanga (eth.Zimbab.) Kurumba
Kamba (n.e. Bantu) Kadamba (or Kurumba)
Sotho, Basuto (tr., S.Afr.) Sudra (caste)
Aja (tr., Nigeria) Anga
Kinga (tr.) Kalinga (natn)
Ila (tr.) Irula
Ila Bhilla
Toga Toda
Ganda (tr.) Ganda (anus, Sans.)
Mamba Malla, Malaya, Malabar
Nuer Nayar (caste)
Pongo Pengu (tr.,Orissa)
Mende (w.afr.people) Manda (Drav.people)
Zulu (tr., S.Af.) Tulu
Uganda Konda (Dr.tr.), Gonda
Iramba (rift Bantu) Irula
Turu (rift Bantu) Tulu
Masai (e. Nilotes) Malay or Malabar, Mallas
Kinga (Nyasa Bantu, Tanz.) Kalinga (natn.,race)
Manyika Mleccha (sans. for barbarian)
The `Congo' river and the `Kongo' tribes are cognate to the Kongu Nadu comprising the Salem tract in Tamil Nadu prior to its conquest by the Cholas [ EB 10 salem 350 ]. The suffix `-wana' is common to Bantu and Dravidian languages, thus Botswana and Bophuthatswana in southern Africa [ EB 2 botswana 412 ] [ EB 2 boph. 376 ] and Gondwana in central India [ EB 5:358 ]. The Mbangala or Imbangala warrior tribe of central Angola [ EB 6: imb. 266 ] are cognate to the Bangala tribe and the region named after them in eastern India, which later became Bengal. The Ubangi river [ EB ubangi 12:98 ] is the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo river and flows past Bangui town (the capital of the Central African Republic). A black tribe (and later low caste) by the name of Bhangi exists in northern India. The Bangweulu is a large lake and swamp region in northeastern Zambia. In Bantu the term denotes `Large Water' [ EB 1 bangw. 868 ] The Galla are the largest ethnic group in Ethipia, forming 40 % of the population [ EB 5 galla 87 ]. They are cattle-herders, as are the black-skinned low-caste known as Goala (cow-herders) in central India. The Mbundu are the second-largest ethnic group of Angola [ EB 7 mbundu 986 ] while the Munda are in Eastern India. The Ndongo tribe of the Mbundu [ EB 7 mbundu 986 ] are perhaps cognate to the Dombas or Doms of India. The Godabas of Somalia may have given their name to the Godavari River in the Deccan. Congates of `gond' and `gong' are widepread in Africa and Dravidia. Gonder or Gondar is the ancient capital of Ethiopia 1652-1855 as well as the surrounding region. The Gongola river is the primary tributary of the Benue River, while the Gongola basin is in northeastern Nigeria [ EB 5 gongola 359 ]. The Guang or Gonja in northern Ghana, who are descendant of Mandingos, speak the Gur and Goja languages and founded the Gonja kingdom [ EB 5 guang 532 ] The Gond are a large group of Draviidan tribes in Central India.
The Congolese linguist Th. Obenga proposed the term `Indo-African' languages in analogy with `Indo-European' [ Obenga ]. Prof. L. Homburger established close linguistic connections between Dravidian and Senegalese languages especially Fulani, as well as Kannada - Bantu and Telugu - Mande relationships [ Hom ]. Prof. Tuttle established connections between Nubian and Dravidian languages [ Tuttle ]. Prof. Lahoverty established conections between African and Dravidian languages [ Lah ]. Senegalese and Dravidian languages are closely related grammatically, structurally and lexically [ N'D ] [ Ups ]. The Upper Nile basin is considered by some scholars to be the original home of the Dravidians on linguistic grounds [ Win.gen 1118 ]
Clear relationships have been established between Dravidian and Australoid languages [ Holmer ] [ Bleek ] [ 3 Oc. 189 ].
Apendix V - Lemuria
Dravidian legends mention an ancient landmass which disappeared into the Ocean. The Tamils say that it was highly populated and included large cities, now buried beneath the sea. Tamil historians have discussed this land mass in detail throughout history; eg. Ariyarkkunallar in the 12th century. Linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians are related to the C-group Nubians of the Western Sahara who built the Kerma empire. Since Egypt was often at war with Kerma, the connection across Lemuria seems more plausible. [Winters:Agri]
The English zoologost Philip Sclater propsed the theory of the continent of Lemuria in the mid-1800s [ 3 Oc. 127 ]
Appendix V - Miscellaneous Notes
The Asurs of Lohardaga [ Ris p.399 ] Dravidian
`In fact the word `Kol' is a loose term used by the Hindus of the plains as a word of derision. De Meulder describes it as an Indian equivalent of the word `nigger' in the US ... [for scientific purposes Kol includes teh Larka Kols or Hos of Man and Dhalbhhum, the Munda Kols of Chotanagpur and the Bhumij ... The Hos are physically [supereior] to the other cognate branches of the Kolarian tribes... p.9 `The constatnt early use of teh bow expanded the chest and set the muscles and their innate passion for the chase over the steep and rugged hills brought their lower limbs nto a state of fitness, which the best phulwan (wrestler) of the plains of India might envy. Male height average 5'5" or 5'6" height women 5'2" .. copper tint complexion common women physically hetter ... developed Aryan influence ... more than 50 % of the population in Chota Nagpur division.'
-- [C.P.Singh p.8]
References
[ Arav.ph ] = K.P.Aravanan, `Physical and cultural similarities between Dravidian and African' , J. of Tamil Studies 10 (1976) 23-27
[ Arav.bk ] = K.P.Aravanan, `Dravidians and Africans', Madras 1979.
[ Arav.neg ] = K.P. Aravanan, `Notable negroid elements in Dravidian India', Journal of Tamil Studies 17 (1980) pp.20-45.
[ Ann. ] = `The Annals of Rural Bengal', W.W.Hunter, Broomhill House 1868, reprinted in `Landmarsk in Indian Anthropology', vol. 7, Cosmo Publishing, N.Delhi 1987
[ Bam ] = M. Bamshad et al, "mtDNA Variation in Caste Populations" Human Biology v. 68 (1996) 1
[ Bleek ] = `Handbook of African, Australian & Polynesian Languages', William H.J.Bleek, 3 vols. (1858-63)
[ Bose ] = `The Gazetteer of India', vol.1, Govt. of India, 1973, N.K.Bose, A.Mitra & H.Mukherjee. opposes Risley's idea of nasal index variation by caste.
[ Ghurye ] = `Caste, Class and Occupation in India', Bombay 1961 opposes the notion of caste variation of nasal index.
[ Holmer ] = `On the History & Structure of the Australian Language', N.M.Holmer, Lund, Sweden 1963
[ Lal ] = Lal, B , "The Only Asian expedition in threatened Nubia : Work by an Indian Mission at Afyeh and Tumas", The Illustrated London Times , 20 April 1963.
[ N'D ] C.T. N'Diaye, `The relationship between Dravidian languages and Wolof', Annamalai University Ph.D. Thesis.1978.
[ Muir ] = `Original Sanskrit Texts', Muir
[ Obenga ] = `L'Afrique dans l'Antiquete', Th. Obenga, Paris
[ 3 Oc. ] = `Riddles of 3 Oceans', Alexander Kondratov
[ Ris ] = `The People of India' by Sir H.H.Risley 1915
2nd ed., ed. by Sir W. Crooke 1969
[ Singh ] = P. Singh, `Burial Practices in Ancient India', Varanasi 1984
[ Seng.neg ] = `Negritude and Dravidian Culture' , L.S.Senghor, J. of Tamil Studies 10 (1974) p.4
[ Seng.y ] = `Why create a Department of Indo-African Studies at Dahar', J. of Tamil Studies 5 (1974) 1-11
[ Tuttle ] = `Dravidian and Nubian', E.H.Tuttle, J. of the Amer. Oreintal Society 52 (1932) 133-144
[ Upa ] = `Dravidian and Negro-African', U.P.Upadhyaya, Intnl. J. of Dravidian Linguisitsics 5:1 (1976) 32-64
[ U+U 76 ] = P.Upadhyaya & S.P.Upadhyaya, `Affinites ethno-linguistiques entre Dravidiens et les Negro-Africain' , Bull. IFAN , no.1 (1976) pp.127-157
[ U+U 79 ] = P. Upadhyaya & S.P. Upadhyaya, `Les liens entre Kerala et l"Afrique tels qu'ils resosortent des survivances culturelles et linguistiques', Bulletin de L'IFAN , no.1 (1979) pp.100-132
[ Win.gen ] = `The Genetic Unity of Dravidian and African Language and Culture', Clyde A. Winters, 1st Intnl Symosm. on Asian Studies 5, 1105-1120
[ Win.agri ] = `African Influences on Indian Agriculture',
J of African Civlization, 3:1 (April 1981) p.100-110
[ Win.un ] = C.A. Winters, `The Unity of African and Indian Agriculture', Journal of African Civilization 3, no.1 (1981a) p.103
[ Win.prot ] = C.A.Winters, `The Proto-Culture of the Dravidians, Manding and Sumerians', Tamil Civilization 3, no.1 (March 1985) p.1-9
[ Win.pla ] = C.A.Winters, `Common African and Dravidian Place Name Elements', South Asian Anthropologist 9:1 (1988) 32-36
[ Win.dal ] = `The African Origin of Glorious Dalits', Dalit Voice 4:2 (16-30 Sept. 1985 ) 1-8
[ Win.lang ] = C.A.Winters, "The Dravidian and African Languages", International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics , 23 (2), (1994) pp.34-52.
[ Win.com ] = C.A.Winters, `Linguistic continuity and African and Dravidian languages', 25 (2), (1996) pp.24-35.
[ Win.elam ] = C.A.Winters, "The genetic Unity between the Dravidian ,Elamite, Manding and Sumerian Languages", Proc. Sixth ISAS ,1984, (Hong Kong:Asian Research Service,1985d) pages 1413-1425.
[ EB ] = `Encyclopedia Britannica'
________________________________
From http://web.archive.org/web/20010127194900/dalitstan.org/holocaust/invasion/histgene.html
San Francisco Chronicle, 26 May, 1999
History of Ancient Indian Conquest Told in Modern Genes, Experts Say
Robert Cooke, Newsday
Like an indelible signature enduring through a hundred generations, genes that entered India when conquering hordes swooped down from the north thousands of years ago are still there, and remain entrenched at the top of the caste system, scientists report. Analyses of the male Y chromosome, plus genes hidden in small cellular bodies called mitochondria, show that today's genetic patterns agree with accounts of ancient Indo-European warriors' conquering the Indian subcontinent.
The invaders apparently shoved the local men aside, took their women and set up the rigid caste system that exists today. Their descendants are still the elite within Hindu society.
INVADING CAUCASOIDS
Thus today's genetic patterns, the researchers explained, vividly reflect a historic event, or events, that occurred 3,000 or 4,000 years ago. The gene patterns ``are consistent with a historical scenario in which invading Caucasoids -- primarily males -- established the caste system and occupied the highest positions, placing the indigenous population, who were more similar to Asians, in lower caste positions.''
The researchers, from the University of Utah and Andhra Pradesh University in India, used two sets of genes in their analyses.
One set, from the mitochondria, are only passed maternally and can be used to track female inheritance. The other, on the male-determining Y chromosome, can only be passed along paternally and thus track male inheritance.
The data imply, then, ``that there was a group of males with European affinities who were largely responsible for this invasion 3,000 or 4,000 years ago,'' said geneticist Lynn Jorde of the University of Utah.
If women had accompanied the invaders, he said, the evidence should be seen in the mitochondrial genes, but it is not evident.
According to geneticist Douglas Wallace of Emory University in Atlanta, the work reported by Jorde and his colleagues ``is very interesting, and is certainly worth further study.''
Along with Jorde, the research team included Michael Bamshad, W.S. Watkins and M.E. Dixon from Utah and B.B. Rao, B.V.R. Prasad and J.M. Naidu, from Andhra Pradesh University.
UPWARDLY MOBILE WOMEN
By studying both sets of genetic markers, the research team found clear evidence echoing what is still seen socially, that women can be upwardly mobile, in terms of caste, if they marry higher-caste men. In contrast, men generally do not move higher, because women rarely marry men from lower castes, the researchers said.
``Our expectations in this natural experiment are borne out when we look at the genes,'' said Jorde. ``It's one of the few cases where we know the mating situation in a population for 150 generations. So it's kind of a test for how well the genes reflect a population's history.''
The ancient story holds that invaders known as Indo-Europeans, or true Aryans, came from Eastern Europe or western Asia and conquered the Indian subcontinent. The people they subdued descended from the original inhabitants who had arrived far earlier from Africa and from other parts of Asia.
During the genetic studies, in 1996 and 1997, researchers took blood samples from hundreds of people in southern India. The analyses compared the genes from 316 caste members and 330 members of tribal populations, looking for signs of Asian, European and African ancestry.
In the mitochondrial genes passed along by females, Jorde said, they could see the clear background of Asian genes. ``All of the caste groups were similar to Asians, the underlying population'' that had originally been subdued.
But, he added, ``when we look at the Y chromosome DNA, we see a very different pattern. The lower castes are most similar to Asians, and the upper castes are more European than Asian.''
Further, ``when we look at the different components within the upper caste, the group with the greatest European similarity of all is the warrior class, the Kshatriya, who are still at the top of the Hindu castes, with the Brahmins,'' Jorde said.
``But the Brahmins, in terms of their Y chromosomes, are a little bit more Asian.''
So the genetic results are ``consistent with historical accounts that women sometimes marry into higher caste, resulting in female gene flow between adjacent castes. In contrast, males seldom change castes, so Y chromosome'' variation occurs only as a result of natural mutations, Jorde said.
CASTE SYSTEM STILL ALIVE
He added that even though India's ancient caste system was abolished legally in the 1960s, it is still entrenched socially.
``People are very well aware of their caste membership,'' he said, noting that in some cities the housing is still arranged along caste lines. So ``one might argue, unfortunately so, that it (the caste system) does exist in people's minds.''
In terms of who marries whom, the researchers described the Hindu caste system as ``governing the mating practices of nearly one-sixth of the world's population.''
The blood samples taken from tribal people in southern India are still being analyzed, Jorde added.
But so far, ``the tribal populations are more similar to the lower castes than to anyone else, similar to the original residents of India,'' he said.
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Dalits Part 2
http://www.ambedkar.org/News/Cssacndzsm.htm
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From www.dalitstan.org/journal...i_ind.html
Nazism - Its Brahmanic Origin
by Kalimuthu Dhanasekaran
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Vedas are veriably a fountain of poison that has periodically infested the veins world with its dangerous dogmas. Ramaite apartheid, Kautilyan totalitarianism and Brahmanic Fascism are some of the deadly venom that Hinduism has spewed forth onto the world. Nazism is another such deadly scourge invented by the Brahminist Vaishnavas that has devastated the world. The Nazis adopted all their fundamental dogmas from Hinduism. Besides the swastika, the Nazis adopted the Vedic concepts of the superiority of the Aryan race and of course, apartheid. Some of the more famous Indian Nazis are described below :
Madame Blavatsky -
The origin of Nazism can be traced back directly to Madame Blavatsky and her Theosophical Society. Madame Blavatsky propounded the notion of the superiority of the Aryan race, an idea derived from Vedic concepts of varnashramadharma (apartheid). These were then used by the Thule Society in Germany, which was the direct precursor of the National Socialist Party.
Savitri Devi -
She was born Maximiani Portas. 30 Sept. 1905 in Lyon, France, of Greek and English parents. There she studied chemistry and gained a doctorate in Letters. Travelling widely in Europe and Asia, mastering 7 languages, including Bengali, her desire to uncover the lost knowledge of the Aryans led her to India in 1932. She took the name Savitri Devi in honour of the Indo-Aryan Sun goddess, and married a Brahman Aryan Sri Asit Krisna Mukherji, who was editor of a pro-Axis Magazine, `The New Mercury'.
Savitri Devi [ Savitri ] was an ardent admirer of Hitler, and considered him an incarnation of God Vishnu. Hitler would have been a good addition to the likes of Fascist Ram, who slaughtered thousands of innocent Dravidians, and Krishna the Killer, who was responsible for the Mahabharat War. This Anglo-Brahmin (remember her parents were Greco-English ) settled in India, and played a great role in the spread of Nazism from Anglo-Brahminist Occupied India to Germany.
In a 1980 article "Hitlerism & the Hindu World" published, in The National Socialist, Savitri explained the basis of Esoteric Hitlerism and related some of her experiences with the Hindus during the war. Quoting Ramana Maharishi, "one of the greatest spiritual personalities of modern India", the sage's reply to a question on Hitler was that "He is a gnani" . Here is thus an unequivocal connection between the Hindu fanatic Maharishi and Hitler. This `gnani', Devi explains, is a sage, one who is fully conscious through personal experience "of the eternal truths that express the Essence of the Universe." [ Nexus ] Indeed, Hitler's extermination of Semitic Jews was merely a later re-enactment of the Vedic Hindu-Aryan extermination of `Asuras' (Assyrians) and `Panis' (Phoenicians).
Savitri Devi wrote, elaborating the Hindu origin of Nazism [ Nexus ] -
"Well did von Sebottendorff, founder of the famous Thule Society owe a lot to his visits to India and his contacts with the Hindus conscius of their Hyperborean traditions."
Of course, the most visible sign betraying the Hindu origin of Nazism is the swastika -
" Devi naturally saw great significance in Hitler's choice of the swastika as the symbol of NS; 'the visible link between Hitler and orthodox Hinduism' ". [ Nexus ]
The Bengali Brahmin Asit Krishna Mukherji -
Another Anglo-Brahmin colonialist responsible for the rise of Hindu Nazism was the White Bengali Brahmin Asit Krishna Mukherji. A.K.Mukherji was an influential Indian Nazi, as described by Elst [ Elst ]:
" [ T ]he Bengali scholar Dr. Asit Krishna Mukherji (ca.1898-1977) and his French-Greek wife Dr. Maximiani Portas (Lyon 1905- near London 1982) alias Savitri Devi Mukherji, had made the AIT itself the alpha and omega of their philosophy."
He interpreted the Aryan Invasion and the racist verses in the Vedas as as the positive realization of the natural hierarchy between the races achieved by the conquering Nordic Aryans on the dark-skinned natives. This pandit was a "Brahmin conscious of his distant Nordic roots" and he published a pro-Hitler paper, the New Mercury, a truly Hitlerian paper, from 1935 until the British (deciding to over-ride the tremendous opposition from the Anglo-Brahmin lobby) closed it down in 1937. He was instrumental in establishing the links between the Axis representatives and the Congress Nazi-Hindutva leader Subhas Chandra Bose, who formed the Indian National Army (1943-45) under Facsist Japanese tutelage.
Besides A.K.Mukherji, Bengal has produced many fascist Brahmins. For example, Bankim Chandra Chatterji, author of the communal `Bande Mataram'. There are many other supporters of Hitler in India, and it is only natural that Hindu fanatics should choose to emulate one who so closely followed the Vedas !
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References
[ Elst ] - ` Zydenbos vs. Rajaram: a Case Study in Aryan Invasion Polemic' , by Koenraad Elst, Leuven (Belgium), 21 April 1999.
[ Savitri ] - ` Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism' , by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke; www.amazon.com/exec/obido...06-7640853
[ Nexus ] - `Priestess of Hitlerism: Savitri Devi' , The Nexus, Realist Publications, Paraparaumu Beach, New Zealand. www.geocities.com/Athens/...avitri.htm ; www.geocities.com/Capitol...stess.html ;
by Kalimuthu Dhanasekaran
Dalitstan Journal,
Volume 2, Issue 6 (Dec. 2000)
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[ Brahmanism Index ]
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__________________
From www.dalitstan.org/journal...i_ind.html
Nazism - Its Brahmanic Origin
by Kalimuthu Dhanasekaran
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The Vedas are veriably a fountain of poison that has periodically infested the veins world with its dangerous dogmas. Ramaite apartheid, Kautilyan totalitarianism and Brahmanic Fascism are some of the deadly venom that Hinduism has spewed forth onto the world. Nazism is another such deadly scourge invented by the Brahminist Vaishnavas that has devastated the world. The Nazis adopted all their fundamental dogmas from Hinduism. Besides the swastika, the Nazis adopted the Vedic concepts of the superiority of the Aryan race and of course, apartheid. Some of the more famous Indian Nazis are described below :
Madame Blavatsky -
The origin of Nazism can be traced back directly to Madame Blavatsky and her Theosophical Society. Madame Blavatsky propounded the notion of the superiority of the Aryan race, an idea derived from Vedic concepts of varnashramadharma (apartheid). These were then used by the Thule Society in Germany, which was the direct precursor of the National Socialist Party.
Savitri Devi -
She was born Maximiani Portas. 30 Sept. 1905 in Lyon, France, of Greek and English parents. There she studied chemistry and gained a doctorate in Letters. Travelling widely in Europe and Asia, mastering 7 languages, including Bengali, her desire to uncover the lost knowledge of the Aryans led her to India in 1932. She took the name Savitri Devi in honour of the Indo-Aryan Sun goddess, and married a Brahman Aryan Sri Asit Krisna Mukherji, who was editor of a pro-Axis Magazine, `The New Mercury'.
Savitri Devi [ Savitri ] was an ardent admirer of Hitler, and considered him an incarnation of God Vishnu. Hitler would have been a good addition to the likes of Fascist Ram, who slaughtered thousands of innocent Dravidians, and Krishna the Killer, who was responsible for the Mahabharat War. This Anglo-Brahmin (remember her parents were Greco-English ) settled in India, and played a great role in the spread of Nazism from Anglo-Brahminist Occupied India to Germany.
In a 1980 article "Hitlerism & the Hindu World" published, in The National Socialist, Savitri explained the basis of Esoteric Hitlerism and related some of her experiences with the Hindus during the war. Quoting Ramana Maharishi, "one of the greatest spiritual personalities of modern India", the sage's reply to a question on Hitler was that "He is a gnani" . Here is thus an unequivocal connection between the Hindu fanatic Maharishi and Hitler. This `gnani', Devi explains, is a sage, one who is fully conscious through personal experience "of the eternal truths that express the Essence of the Universe." [ Nexus ] Indeed, Hitler's extermination of Semitic Jews was merely a later re-enactment of the Vedic Hindu-Aryan extermination of `Asuras' (Assyrians) and `Panis' (Phoenicians).
Savitri Devi wrote, elaborating the Hindu origin of Nazism [ Nexus ] -
"Well did von Sebottendorff, founder of the famous Thule Society owe a lot to his visits to India and his contacts with the Hindus conscius of their Hyperborean traditions."
Of course, the most visible sign betraying the Hindu origin of Nazism is the swastika -
" Devi naturally saw great significance in Hitler's choice of the swastika as the symbol of NS; 'the visible link between Hitler and orthodox Hinduism' ". [ Nexus ]
The Bengali Brahmin Asit Krishna Mukherji -
Another Anglo-Brahmin colonialist responsible for the rise of Hindu Nazism was the White Bengali Brahmin Asit Krishna Mukherji. A.K.Mukherji was an influential Indian Nazi, as described by Elst [ Elst ]:
" [ T ]he Bengali scholar Dr. Asit Krishna Mukherji (ca.1898-1977) and his French-Greek wife Dr. Maximiani Portas (Lyon 1905- near London 1982) alias Savitri Devi Mukherji, had made the AIT itself the alpha and omega of their philosophy."
He interpreted the Aryan Invasion and the racist verses in the Vedas as as the positive realization of the natural hierarchy between the races achieved by the conquering Nordic Aryans on the dark-skinned natives. This pandit was a "Brahmin conscious of his distant Nordic roots" and he published a pro-Hitler paper, the New Mercury, a truly Hitlerian paper, from 1935 until the British (deciding to over-ride the tremendous opposition from the Anglo-Brahmin lobby) closed it down in 1937. He was instrumental in establishing the links between the Axis representatives and the Congress Nazi-Hindutva leader Subhas Chandra Bose, who formed the Indian National Army (1943-45) under Facsist Japanese tutelage.
Besides A.K.Mukherji, Bengal has produced many fascist Brahmins. For example, Bankim Chandra Chatterji, author of the communal `Bande Mataram'. There are many other supporters of Hitler in India, and it is only natural that Hindu fanatics should choose to emulate one who so closely followed the Vedas !
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References
[ Elst ] - ` Zydenbos vs. Rajaram: a Case Study in Aryan Invasion Polemic' , by Koenraad Elst, Leuven (Belgium), 21 April 1999.
[ Savitri ] - ` Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism' , by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke; www.amazon.com/exec/obido...06-7640853
[ Nexus ] - `Priestess of Hitlerism: Savitri Devi' , The Nexus, Realist Publications, Paraparaumu Beach, New Zealand. www.geocities.com/Athens/...avitri.htm ; www.geocities.com/Capitol...stess.html ;
by Kalimuthu Dhanasekaran
Dalitstan Journal,
Volume 2, Issue 6 (Dec. 2000)
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[ Brahmanism Index ]
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Dalits
From www.dalitstan.org/books/b...l#superior
Vol.I : Doctrines and Justifications
" Whatever exists in the world is, the property of the Brahmana; on account of the excellence of his origin the Brahmana is, indeed entitled to all. "
-- Manu Smirti I.100
( Manu's Work is the Most Important Law-Book of Hinduism)
Table of Contents
1. Definition & Superiority of the "Brahman Race"
1.1 Definition of The Brahmin Race
1.2 Doctrine of The Superiority of The Brahmin Race
1.3 Race Records
2. Definition of "Brahman Gold"
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[ Brahmin Gold Home ] [ Volume I ] [ Volume II ] [ Volume III ] [ Volume IV ]
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Chapter 1. Definition & Superiority of the "Brahman Race"
Prior to detailing the quantities of Brahmin Gold and the methods utilised in their acquisition, it is necessary to define the terms `Brahmin', `Brahminist', and `Brahmanism'. In this book, the conventional definitions are followed :
`Brahmin' generally denotes any person belonging to the Brahmin race, born into one of its sub-divisions. It is not a professional category (these are denoted as `jati'), but a race (or `varna', meaning `skin color'), for its members do not permit outsiders to join or intermarry with their community. This having been the case for thousands of years, `Brahmin' is essentially a racial term.
`Brahminist' is used to refer to the Brahmins as well as the followers of the 6 orthodox (`astika') religious schools of Brahmanism.
`Brahmanism' is used to refer to the 6 orthodox religious schools that accept Vedic scriptures and the caste system. Colloquially it is used as a blenket term to refer to the religions of Vedism (`Ved Dharma') and its later off-shoot Vaishnavism (`Vaishnava Dharma'). The technical term `Brahmanism' implies a recognition of the racial and ritual superiority of the Brahmin race, and/or the identification of the deity with the Vedic god Brahma or the abstract Brahman, generally identified with Vishnu. The Sudra (Draviian and Dalit) religion of Shaivism is not included in this term.
1.1 Definition of The "Brahman Race"
The term `Brahmin Race' refers to the white-skinned race which dominated and ruled over other Indo-Aryan and non-Aryan races for 2500 years. The main characteristics of the Brahman race are:
Sanskrit Mother Tongue - Sanskrit was the mother tongue of the overwhelming majority of the Brahman race, and still is so, being used at Brahman homes in place of the local vernacular. Indeed, the vernacular influence is forver miniscule, the Brahmin always clings to his Sanskrit.
Aryan Descent - The Brahmans are of the purest Aryan blood in contrast to the Rajputs (who are mainly Scythic and Hellenic) and Vaisyas (who have absorbed much Dardic or Paisaca blood). The Sudras are of Negroid-Australoid stock, whilst the Mughals are of Immigrant Muslim race. The Brahmins are hence the only remaining `Aryans' in South Asia. As a consequence, the divisions between Brahmin and non-Brahmin are of a deep-rooted racial origin, which plays a considerable role in the intensity of the perpetual Brahmin-non-Brahmin conflict.
1.2 Doctrine of the Superiority of The Brahman Race
The Brahmans propagated the following doctrines in the territories subject to their rule:
(1) That Persons of so-called "Brahman Race" or "Brahman Varna" were Intellectually Superior to Other Races or Varnas.
The Brahmans' dogma of the racial superiority of the Brahman Varna or Race (`varna'=`color' or `race' in Sanskrit) was fully elucidated in the Lawbook of Manu, the standard law-book of Hinduism :
" Of created beings the most excellent are said to be those which are animated,; of the animated, those which subsist by intelligence; of the intelligent, mainkind, and of men, the Brahmanas."
-- [ Manu.I.96 ]
(2) That the Brahmans were a `Master Race' and Thus Accordingly Entitled to Subjugate, Exploit, Exterminate or Dominate other `Races' (`varnas') or Peoples.
This doctrine was explicitly stated in the Manu-Smrti :
"As the Brahmana sprang from (Brahman's) mouth, as he was the first-born, and as he possesses the Veda, he is by right the lord of this whole creation ."
-- [ Manu.I.93 ]
The logical consequence of the `master race' dogma was the right of Brahmins to dominate over other `inferior' poples and to acquire their territories. This is disclosed by several statements in `sacred' Brahmanist texts, which state that the entire Universe belongs by birthright to the Brahmins :
" A Brahmana, coming into existence, is born as the highest on earth, the lord of all created beings, for the protection of the treasure of the law."
" Whatever exists in the world is, the property of the Brahmana; on account of the excellence of his origin the Brahmana is, indeed entitled to all ."
-- [ Manu.I.99-100 ]
"The wealth that is stolen by the Brahman tends to well being in the next life ; the wealth that is given to the Sudra tends to Hell." (Sukraniti)
-- [ Tirth.118 ]
" When a learned Brahmana has found treasure, deposited in former (times), he may take even the whole (of it); for he is the master of everything."
" When the king finds treasure of old concealed in the ground let him give one half to Brahmanas and place the (other) half in his treasury."
-- [ Manu.VIII.37-38 ]
" that (money which is given) to Brahmanas is declared to be an imperishable treasure for kings."
-- [ Manu.I.82 ]
In addition, the confiscation of properties of women and Sudras was openly legalised by Vaishnava scriptures :
A wife, a son, and a slave, these three are declared to have no property; the wealth which they earn is (acquired) for him to whom they belong.
A Brahmana may confidently seize the goods of (his) Sudra (slave); for, as that (slave) can have no property, his master may take his possessions.
-- [ Manu VIII.416-417 ]
Thus, the unlawful confiscation of the properties of non-Brahman races was justified and fully sanctioned in the holy scriptures of Hinduism (or Brahmanism), and this act glorified. The Mahabharata states,
"The son of Ita then inquired: Tell me Vayu, to whom the earth, with its wealth, rightfully belongs to the Brahman or the Kshatriya? Vayu replied: All this whatever exists in the world, is the Brahmans property by right of primogeniture : this is known to those who are skilled in the laws of duty. It is his own which the Brahman eats, puts on, bestows. He is the chief of all the castes, the first-born and the most excellent. Just as the woman when she has lost her (first) husband takes her brother-in-law for a second; so the Brahman is the first resource in calamity; afterwards another may arise (Mahabharata)."
-- [ MBh.Saptaparvam, verse, 2755 ] [ cited in Sup ]
Summarising the situation, Swami Dharma Theertha wrote in his classic `History of Hindu Imperialism',
"Probably no other class of persons in any society ever combined in themselves all these advantages so exclusively as the Brahmans. It is equally doubtful if any other aristocratic class has ever exercised their privileges to the detriment of the common people so unscrupulously and for so long a period as these Brahman priests."
-- [ Tirth.113-114 ] [ cited at Sup ]
He further observes,
" No imperial power ever imposed on a weaker people a more ruthless and soul-destroying domination than the Brahmans did on the rest of their fellow citizens, and no race of superior men ever arrogated to themselves such haughty supremacy and false greatness as they have."
-- [ Tirth.163-164 ] [ Sup ]
(3) That the Ideal State was `Brahmavarta', an Ancient State Inhabited Only by Brahmins.
The third dogma of Brahminism was the doctrine of Brahmavarta. As per `sacred' Brahmanist texts, Brahmavarta was a `Holy Land' inhabited only by Brahmins. It is currently located in the region around Kannauj, between the Ganga and Yamuna rivers. It is thought to have once existed about the `Land of the Seven Rivers' (Saptasindhava) and was a supposed Golden State from which all learning and civilization in the world emanated. However, in later times the center of Brahmanism shifted to the Ganges Valley, where Brahmavarta is currently located. Thus, the ideal state conceivable in this framework was one inhabited wholly by Brahmans. This notion was expounded by `Swami' Vivekananda, a staunch supporter of Orthodox Brahmanist Vaishnava dogma of the Vedanta sect, which fanatically upholds the authority of the Veda against all reason and logic:
"And the theory that the Shudra caste were all non-Aryans and they were a multitude, is equally illogical and irrational. It could not have been possible in those days that a few Aryans settled and lived there with a hundred thousand slaves at their command. The slaves would have eaten them up, made chutney of them in five minutes. The only explanation is to be found in the Mahabharat, which says that in the beginning of the Satya Yoga there was only one caste, the Brahmins, and then by differences of occupations they went on dividing themselves into different castes, and that is the only true and rational explanation that has been given. And in the coming Satya Yuga all other castes will have to go back to the same condition."
-- [ Viv.III.293 ]
The logical consequence of this Brahmavarta doctrine is either the cultural genocide of all non-Brahmin peoples, and their enforced Brahmanisation, or the extermination of all non-Brahmans in order to create an ethnically cleansed `New Brahmavarta' free from all non-Brahmans. These two strategies have been the backbone of several Brahmin supremacist organizations throughout the ages. The first strategy of cultural genocide has been carried out for several millenia, and takes the form of lower races or varnas adopting Brahmanic customs and life-styles, whilst discarding the native vernacular in favour of Sanskrit. The more sinister plan of extermination of non-Brahmins is also widely supported. For example, the Brahmin Supremacist RSS distributed a secret circular to its offices (No. 411 / RO 303; 11 / RSS C03) that stated [ RSS_c ]:
" 9. Retardation of physical and mental development of school going children specially Awarnas and Ambedkarites by harmful eatables, through volunteers, vendors and teachers" ...
" 32. Killing of Anti-Hindus and Anti-Brahmins to continue. Disposal of bodies as per direction."
-- [ RSS_c ]
This ideal of Brahmavarta was used as the justification for the collossal democides and exterminations of non-Brahmins (see Vol.II and Vol.III for details).
1.3 Race Records
The Brahmans maintained, and still maintain, detailed racial records proving the purity of their descent. This system was established in the Brahmanicized regions of India. It was, in effect, an alaborate classification of persons deemed to be of Brahman blood, and upon this depended the rights, privileges, and duties of the persons concerned.
In addition, elaborate racial lists were compiled, classifying the different non-Brahman races. People were classified into different groups in the following rigid hierarchy :
Pure-Blooded Brahmans
Non-Brahman Aryans
Non-Aryan Caucasoids, like Greeks (`Yavanas'), Scythians (`Sakas', `Rajputs'), etc.
Mongoloids
Blacks (`Sudras')
These race records maintained in Brahmin-cccupied territories during the Brahmanic Dark Ages (1500 BC - 1000 AD) were the forerunners of the Nazi race registers maintained in Nazi-occupied nations during the Second World War [ IMT ]. Indeed, the Nazi notions of the Aryan race were adopted from Vedic and Vaishnava religions (ie. Brahmanism).
Illustrative of the Brahmans' continued espousal and exploitation of racial dogmas was the discriminatory Vedic legislation which they caused to be enacted in regions subject to their rule. These laws, especially the version enunciated by the Vedic sage Manu, enforced strict segregation of Sudra Blacks from Aryan townships. Later, considerable restrictions were placed on Vaisyas once these races were crushed to the level of Sudras after the disappearance of Sudras from much of North India and the Deccan.
Coincident with this glorication of the Brahman race was the glorification of Brahmavarta, the Land of the Gods. In this sacred land the Upanishads and Brahmans were composed. The only inhabitants of this land were the purest white-skinned Brahmins, and this was supposed to be the golden age for civilization. The Aryan Vaishnavite scriptures uphold this as the ultimate destiny of all states, and the Brahmans have repeatedly tried to attain the status of pure Brahman nations by attempting to exterminate all non-Brahman races. The ideal of Brahmavarta was forever the `holy' justification for large-scale massacres and democides.
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[ Table of Contents ] [ Definition & Superiority of Brahmin Race ] [ Definition of Brahmin Gold ]
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Chapter 2. Definition of "Brahman Gold"
"Brahmin Gold" refers to the staggering wealth aquired by the Brahmans through unlawful and questionable means during the `Brahmanic Dark Ages' of Indian History, the 2500 years of Brahman rule in India from 1500 BC to 1000 AD. The illegal means included confiscation, fraud, and human exploitation in the form of forced labour and slavery, and the maintenance of the bulk of Non-Brahmins in a state of abject poverty.
-
The collective properties confiscated, looted and plundered by the Brahmins and mostly hoarded in the temples are referred to as `Brahmin Gold'.
In later times, the mass death of Sudras from overwork, malnutrition and constant religious and racial persecutions led to intense labour shortages in Northern India. Hence, the Brahmins crushed the Aryan Vaishya races to the level of Sudras in order to replace the extinct Sudroids. An indication of the degradation of the Vaishya is the number of rebirths required for a Vaisya and Kshatriya to become Brahmans as described in the later Brahmanic scriptures. Thus, Indra explains to Matanga that :
A Chandella can become a Sudra only after 1000 births.
A Sudra can become a Vaisya only after 30 times that period
A Vaisya can become a Rajanya after 60 times the previous length.
A Rajanya can become a Brahman after 60 times the previous duration.
-- [ MBh.Anu.1901 ff ][ Muir.I.441 ]
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From www.dalitstan.org/books/gowh/gowh6.html
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Hindu Scriptural Sanction for Crushing of Women
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Chapter 6
Genocide of Women in Hinduism
by
Sita Agarwal
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The `holy' Vedas and other scriptures of Hinduism are essentially a form of barbarism. All the primitive customs of Sati, female infanticide, human sacrifice (purushamedha) and horse sacrifice (ashwamedha) of the blood-thirsty Aryan war-tribes are justified in them. The inhuman treatment meted out to Aryan women in the Vedic Dark Ages is sanctioned in this `religion' of Hinduism.
6.1 VEDIC RELIGIOUS WAR AGAINST WOMEN
The barbaric Vedic Aryan invaders had scarcely any respect for women, who were considered useless as war machines. Hence, female infanticide was common in order to destroy the excess burden of women. During the later Brahmanic Dark Ages, ascetic influence served to demonise women further still in a manner analogous to the European Medieval Ages.
Women in the Vedic period were harshly treated, being viewed as excess ballast in the Aryan war-tribes. They were essentially degraded to the level of mere chattel whose duty was to satisfy the brute lusts of the Aryan murderers, to raise the next generation of butchers and to cook food for these lechers. These Vedic war-tribes also practiced sati (immolation of widows) and female infanticide in order to destroy the excess number of females considered worthless for the Aryan war-machine. Hence, the attitude permeating the Vedas is one of utmost hostility and hatred against women. Women are consistently demonised and compared to animals in the `sacred' Vedas :
" The friendship of women does not last long. Their nature is like that of the hyena." [ Rig Veda 10-95-10 ] [ Periyar ]
" (When creating them) Manu allotted to women (a love of their) bed, (of their) seat and (of) ornament, impure desires, wrath, dishonesty, malice and bad conduct." [ Manu.9.17 ]
" For women no (sacramental) rite (is performed) with sacred texts, thus the law is settled; women (are) destitute of strength and destitute of (the knowledge of) Vedic texts, (are as) impure as falshood (itself) , that is a fixed rule." [ Manu.IX.18 ]
" Day and night women must be kept in dependance by the males (of) their (families), and, if they attach themselves to sensual enjoyments, they must be kept under one's control." [ Manu.9.2 ]
" And to this effect many sacred texts are sung also in the Vedas, in order to (make) fully known the true disposition (of women); hear the expiation of their (sins)." [ Manu.9.19 ]
" According to a verse in Adharvana Veda a wife is given by God to a husband to serve him and to bear him children. Further she is referred to by her husband as his subordinate and slave." [ Periyar cting Adharvana Veda 14.01.52 ]
" No birth is worse than the birth of a woman. Women are the root-cause of all evils " [ Periyar citing the Dharma Shastras ]
Here one can clearly see how Hinduism treats women. They are referred to as hyenas and compared to animals. What true models and guidelines for the good Aryan Hindu in his generous treatment of women !
6.2 VAISHNAVITE PERSECUTION OF WOMEN
Vaishnavism is the religion that grew out of the Vedic religion and became the dominant Brahmanic faith after obliterating Buddhism and Jainism.. It hence inherited the Aryan male chauvinist dogmas of the Vedic religion. It is now the dominant form of the 6 `astika' schools of Brahmanism in existence, for 75 % of all `Hindus' are Vaishnavites.
Hence, the Vaishnava literature (Puranas, Smrtis, etc.) pour venom and hatred against women. Women are generally termed as " thieves", "dacoits", "pirates", " thirsty tigresses" and "hypocrite cats" in the medieval Nath literature. [ Obsc., p.245 ]. The following is only a small list of the vast corpus of poison and hatred spread against womenhood by the bigot Brahmin males :
"A woman's intellect is too deep and too cunning to be grasped by others." [ MBh.Anu.39-8 ] [ Peri ]
" Fire will not be satisfied with any amount of firewood. The sea is not satisfied with any amount of water the rivers bring. A butcher is not satisfied with the slaughter of any number of animals. Similarly women will not be satisfied with any number of men." [ Puranas cited in Peri ]
" Women are capable of producing harm equivalent to the combined effect of poisonous fungus , a tempest, Yama, the god of the underworld, a fire pit that throws out fire continuously, the source of a spring, the sharpness of a razor, strong poison , serpents and fire." [ Mahabharata cited in Peri ]
" A woman will not hesitate to kill her husband or her children or her brothers or any other person in order to fulfil her aim. Women have been mercilessly compared to a tiger and have been ill-treated and disgraced." [ Bagavatha Skundam. 4-14, 42-8, 4-36 ] [ Peri ]
"The following eight qualities are characteristic qualities of women. They are: uttering lies, unsteadiness, deceit, stupidity, greed, impurity, wickedness and rashness." [ Sukra 3-163 ] [ Peri ]
" Valmiki has written that when there was no request from anybody, Rama orally declared that voluntarily and cheerfully he was giving his wife, all that he valued and his right over the administration of the land to Bharata." [ Ramayana 2-19-14 ] [ Peri ]
Hence, Hindu scriptures refer to women as `poison fungi', `tigresses', `thieves' and `pirates'. What an honour for a Hindu woman !
Chaitanya was one of the major `saints' during the medieval period. He spread Vaishnavism in Eastern India, but aroused the opprobation of the Orthodox Aryan-Vaishnavas because he allowed `conversion' from lower castes. Even this `liberal' man had highly negative opinions of women:
"Chaitanya thought it to be a sin to talk, think or even dream of women and that even the sight of a wooden statue of a woman can distract the mind and be responsible for immorality. He advised people to avoid being alone even with their own mother , sister or daughter."
-- [Nand 124-127]
After all, Chaitanya was a Vaishnavite. Note how women are considered the epitome of evil. This is even far worse than primitive Christianity, where women are considered the source of shame. Here are some citations from the `liberal' religion of Hinduism :
` [A Vedic Graduate] should not look at a naked woman.' [Manu 8:453]
`Let a decent man ever avoid by night ... a loose woman' [V.P. Book III Ch. XII p. 250 ]
Indeed, such was the effectiveness of the Brahmin Vaishnava propaganda that women themselves were brainwashed to develop a deep hatred against their gender. Even today, the mother-in-law is often found to be directly responsible for the dowry death of the bride. This is once again, the Brahmin-invented strategy of `Divide and Rule': woman is pit against woman, sister against sister and mother-in-law against daughter-in-law in order to completely divide Indian womanhood into perpetually conflicting groups. This strategy has a long history, and was even in full force during the so-called `Buddhist Age', an era more properly referred to as the Sutric Dark Age. Thus, mistresses showed little regard for their fellow females :
` In the Buddhist Age, a slave-girl who was obliged to sleep with her master, was often deprived of her nose and ears by her mistress and there was no law to protect her.'
-- [ Jain, p.162 ]
6.3 BUDDHISM AND JAINISM : OSTRACIZATION OF WOMEN
Buddhism and Jainism were both protest movements (`Sramanas') against the Vedic Vaishnava system of Brahmanism. However, they did not lead to any major changes in the status of women. This was due to the emphasis placed by these religions on asceticism. Their view of women was similar to the Essenes, Franciscans and other early Christian asetics. Thus, although sati was opposed by these reformers, yet women were considered as hurdles on the path to liberation.
The Buddha was very strict in his insistence on asceticism. He left his home and wife to become attain nirvana and considered women a hindrance to that goal -
"Buddha is said to have induced his disciples not to look at a woman or even talk to her"
-- [ Sacred Books of the East,XI p.91 cited in Bhatt p.44 ]
Jainism greatly discouraged the custom of sati. Devannabhatta, a South Indian scholar of the 12th century AD, opines that the sati system is only an inferior variety of Dharma and, hence should not be encouraged at all [ Vyavaharakanda p.598 ] [ 1200 p.67 ]. The Jains launched a crusade against the custom. As a result of the humaniarian influence of the anti-Vedic Jains, many ladies did not sacrifice themselves as satis but benefitted society by their useful work. Examples of queens who continued as widows due to the humanitarian influence of Jainism are [ 1200, p.67-68 ]:
Prthviraja III's mother Karpuradevi
Queen Lahini, younger sister of Purnapala
Widow of the king Vigraraja
Mayanalladevi, mother of Siddharaja Jayasimha
Nayika, the mother of Mularaja II and Bhimadeva II
Kuberu's mother in the Moharaja Parajaya
The 2 queens of the Kalachuri dynasty, Alhanadevi & Gosaladevi, who helped their sons in the matters of state.
As a result of `nastik' (heterodox) Jain and Buddhist influence, some Vedic Brahmanic scriptures make statements against sati, but these are very rare and did not have any impact. Thus the Srstikhanda of the Padma Purana clearly forbids a Brahmana widow to become a sati and declares that any person, who will help a Brahmana widow to the funeral pyre, will be guilty of the most dreadful sin of the murder of a Brahmana [ Padma 49.73-74 ] [ 1200, p.67 ] This citation shows that sati in the later Brahmanic Dark Ages was a Brahmanic custom enforced upon the masses, whilst Brahmani widows were not subject to this barbarity . The Aryan Brahmins enforced this upon the non-Brahmin races in order to obliterate non-Brahmin races.
Divorce was known to the Jainas, as evident from the accounts of Prince Simha in Jinesvara's `Kathasoprakarana' and Viradhavala in the Prabandhachintamani [ 1200 p.65 ] [ Suri p.47-50 ]
6.4 LIBERAL SUDRA SHAIVISM
Dravidian women enjoyed much greater freedom than their Aryan counterparts.
6.5 LIBERATION OF WOMEN UNDER ISLAM
Contrary to Brahmin fanatic propaganda, Islam acted as a liberating force for women. The custom of seclusion of women in Islam was far milder than that practiced by the pre-Islamic Hindus and Persians :
`In Persia also seclusion of women was common before the Christian era.'
-- [MPS p.87]
Moreover, Mughal caliphs abolished the custom of sati.
6.5 `LIBERAL' BHAKTI CULTS & OPPRESSION OF WOMEN
One of the frauds perpetrated by the Brahmin-controlled media is to portray the so-called `bhakti' cults as liberal with regard to women. While opposing sati, these cults in fact maintained the abyssmal status quo from the Vedic Dark Ages. The severe ascetism encouraged by these cults was itself the result of hatred against women. The cult of Nath Siddhas remain celibate throughout their life for no other reason than aversion towards women. In this `liberal cult', women are regarded as the greatest danger in the parth of yoga and they are given no status higher than that of `ferocious tigresses bent upon sucking the blood of the prey'. [ Obsc 244 ]
The Gorakhnathis are another cult that wraps the poison of Brahmanism in another veil in order to fool the non-Brahmins. Thus, the `exalted' Guru Gorakhnath, the person after whom this sect is named, stated,
"The breath of a woman dries up the body and youth vanishes day by day. Foolish are the people who understand nothing and make pets of the tigresses in every house, in the day the tigress becomes the world-enchantress and in the night she dries up the whole body."
-- Goraksha-vijaya, pp.186-7 [ cited in Obsc 244 ]
[ cf also Dharma-mangala of
Sahadev BSPP 1304, Goraknath's sayings ]
Gorakhnath further said this about women :
"You have given over your store to the gang of dacoits, you have employed the mouse as guard for the pepper plant and the cat for thickly boiled milk; you have kept logs of wood in the custody of the carpenter, the cow to the tiger, wealth to plunderers, the frog to the serpents ... dry fuel to the fire."
- Goraksha-vijaya p.121-3
Gopi-candra. Pancamala p.340-1 [ Obsc 245 ]
Mayanamati was a woman who wanted ot save her son from the clutches of his wives. Accordingly she said the following : " A lioness is she [ woman ] and casts her eyes like the tigress; she leaves aside the bones and the flesh and sucks up the Maharasa [semen in a grosser sense]." [ Obsc 246 ] [ Gopicandrer Sannyas (CU Part II) p.438 ]. This displays the common attitudes against women had even affected the women themselves, so that they again brainwashed others.
The attitude of the Nath school towards women influenced the concepts of the Nirguna school and in turn corrupted Kabir. All the retrograde statements made by these persons can be directly traced to barbarian Hinduism.
6.6 INCEST IN HINDUISM : HINDU ABUSE OF WOMEN
In order to permanently destroy the genetic stock of the non-Brahmin races the Brahmins enforced the depravities of child-marriage and incest upon the non-Brahmins. These customs led to genetic defects and mutations in the offspring as a result of consanginuity. Hence, incest is more common in Aryan Hindu society than in any other part of the world. References to this practice in ancient Indian literature abound. Often the girls were unwilling, but were then forced by their brothers/fathers to submit to the lecherous desires of the fanatic Aryan Hindu male. The strict Hindu, Buddhist and Jain emphasis on ascetism also played a role in the spread of this Hindu perversion. The main reason, however, was Brahmin imperialism. In addition to permanently degrading the genes of the non-Brahmins, this practice permitted the lecherous Brahmins to rape their daughters and hence help satiate their tremendous sexual apetite.
References to incest abound even in the Rg Veda, showing that the perversion of brother-sister incest was introduced by the Aryan savages who invaded India :
`Lord' Krishna lived in incest with his sister Subhadra, sharing her with his brother Balarama [ Mah.wh.153 ]. "In the festivals of that God [ Jagannath ], the 3 images of Krishna, his brother Balarama, and his sister Subhadra, are brought prominently forward; and the populace do not fail to heap reproaches upon Krishna, and upon his sister likewise, for having indulged in a criminal intimacy" [ Mah.wh 153 ]. Again,
" In the older tradition, Subhadra [ Krishna's sister ] is said to have lived in criminal intimacy with both her brothers. This tradition is universally known and believed by the people in spite of the story of the marriage of Subhadra [ to Arjun ]; and the Mussalmans frequently taunt the Hindus with the fact. The Pundits reconcile the stories by a fiction of there having been two Subhadras. As to Krishna's proceedings, they are expalined away as Maya, or delusion."
-- [ Mah.wh.153 ]
The Vedic Pushan is the lover of his sister [ Rg Ved VI.55.4 ] [ Apte 11 ]. No wonder so many Hindus have intercourse with their sisters !
The Aryan God Agni is the lover of his own sister [ Rg Ved X.3.3 ] [ Apte 11 ]. A true model for all Aryans !
Ashvins are referred to as the sons of Savitar and Ushas who are brother and sister [ Apte 11 ]. No doubt many pious Arya Hindus are the offspring of siblings.
The Ashvisns married Surya and Savitri who is their sister [ RV I.116.19 ].
Agni is the son of his father and his sister [ Rg Ved.I.91.7 ]
Yama wards off his sister Yami, saying marriage between brother and sister is forbidden [ Rg.V.X.10 ] [ Apte 11 ]. This is the first indication that the Aryans had at least some moral sense ! However, this verse is evidently a later interpolation.
Father-daughter incest occurs in the famous story of Prajapati (later identified with Brahma, in turn incorporated as an incarnation of Vishnu) and his daughter [ RV III.31.1-2 ]. Moreover, this act was punished. Prajapati is thought to have done something wrong, and Prajapati was pierced by Agni as a punishment [ Sat.Br. XIII.9 ] [ Apte 63 ]. This shows that a slight sense of wrongness of the deed did exist amongst the Aryan savages. However, it was, and still remains, a widely prevalent practice in Hindu society. The punishments meted out to the incestous gods are of little consequence and are probably later Brahmin fabrications designed to wash away the embarassing episodes.
It is evident that the strict laws on male-female relations led to the repression of normal practies and played a role in the rise of various perversions like brother-sister incest, father-daughter incest etc. Strict ascetism always leads to the rise of perversions. Even to this day incest of varying degrees (cross-cousin, father-daughter, mother-son, brother-sister, etc.) is extremely common amongst the Indo-Aryans. No other race on earth has ever recorded such a prevalance of this practice. Just as sodomy has its home in Persia, Lesbianism in ancient Lesbos, so incest has its home amongst the Indo-Aryans.
6.6 FREEDOM OF WOMEN IN SHAKTISM AND TANTRISM
There were exceptions to the rule, even during the Vedic Dark Ages following the collapse of the Indus civilization. Eastern India (Purvadesha), including Bengal, with its majority Mon-Khmer population, was only slightly Aryanized. The Shakti cult (mother-goddess) predominated (75 % of all the idolatrous population is sill Shaktis), and women here had a much higher degree of freedom. Thus for instance they were not required to wear the veil. Shakti (or Tantric) cults involved the worship of women, and the acceptance of their supremacy. Needless to say, the Shakti cult was only limited to Bengal and Assam.
Worship of mother-goddesses was prevalent, and inculculated a spirit of independance amongst Shakta and Tantric women. By contrast, Brahmanic Hindu goddesses were designed to inculculate obedience and subservience to men.
The Tezpur grant states that women in Assam even bathed in the open [ 1200, p.71 ].
Bengali widows used to inherit the issueless husband's entire property [ 1200 p.70 ] [ `Dayabhaga' of Jimutavahana sect XI ]
However, Aryanisation in the 6-7th centuries led to the extermination of the indigenous Tantra and Shakta faiths. The arrival of Brahmanism (ie. astik Hinduism) led to a consequent decline in the status of women. The Dravidian women were also freeer. Malabar was a center of the Tantric form of the Shiva-Shakti cult, and matriarchal customs still prevail. Till recently, polyandry existed.
Besides these two islands, the rest of India confirmed to the picture given above. This lasted until the establishment of the Islamic Califate of Mughalstan in the 12th century AD. Muslims came to form more than 50 % of the population of Mughalstan (the Indus-Ganges valley), and under Islam the status of women improved considerably.
6.7 HINDUISM'S WAR AGAINST WOMAN
In modern times the degradation of womens' status is related to the rise in Hindu Fundamentalism (in actual fact a thinly disguised form of Aryan Vaishnava Fanaticism). The extremist organizations that comprise the Sangh Parivar (BJP, RSS, Bajrang Dal, Ranvir Sena, VHP etc.) are reviving the practice of Sati, dowry, female infanticide etc. in various parts of India. Thus, in modern times the status of women has declined sharply due to the activities of Hindu (ie. Aryan) Fundamentalist organizations.
Gandhi's insistence on strict vegetarianism and celibacy among his disciples was in keeping with the traditions of Vaishnava ascetic ethics [EB 20:528:2a] Gandhi ordered many of the erotic temple sculptures of India to be destroyed. This apostle was also responsible for keeping women enslaved to the Brahmin yoke.
As an indication of the modern degradation of womens' status inflicted by the Brahminist regime in South India, consider the following figures for the number of females per 1000 males in the age group of 0-6 years was
India 954
Tamil Nadu 948
Salem 849
Dharmpuri 905
Madurai 918
-- [ Tam ]
In fact, the figure for Tamil Nadu was the lowest in India. Foeticide is now a modern alternative [ Tam ]. but burial alive, suffocation and starvation are safer methods to circumvent the law [ Tam ].
" The ignominious Shiv Sena (SS) and its "Hitler" Bal Thackeray have been openly supportive of dowry-based male-domineering marriage. Some leaders of RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the parental organization of BJP) and its religious wing VHP (Vishwa Hindu Parishad) have been supportive of the infamous now outlawed "suttee" system. SS and RSS through their political fronts are now ruling the most economically prosperous Indian states such as Maharashtra and Gujarat. "
-- [ Dowry ]
The status of women is hence likely to decline further with the rise of neo-Brahmanism. The only way Indian women can fight the menace is to fight Hinduism itself. The oppression of women is only another manifestation of South Asia's eternal Brahmin problem. By allying with various anti-Brahmin movements, womens' status can be improved.
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THE END
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Vol.I : Doctrines and Justifications
" Whatever exists in the world is, the property of the Brahmana; on account of the excellence of his origin the Brahmana is, indeed entitled to all. "
-- Manu Smirti I.100
( Manu's Work is the Most Important Law-Book of Hinduism)
Table of Contents
1. Definition & Superiority of the "Brahman Race"
1.1 Definition of The Brahmin Race
1.2 Doctrine of The Superiority of The Brahmin Race
1.3 Race Records
2. Definition of "Brahman Gold"
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[ Brahmin Gold Home ] [ Volume I ] [ Volume II ] [ Volume III ] [ Volume IV ]
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Chapter 1. Definition & Superiority of the "Brahman Race"
Prior to detailing the quantities of Brahmin Gold and the methods utilised in their acquisition, it is necessary to define the terms `Brahmin', `Brahminist', and `Brahmanism'. In this book, the conventional definitions are followed :
`Brahmin' generally denotes any person belonging to the Brahmin race, born into one of its sub-divisions. It is not a professional category (these are denoted as `jati'), but a race (or `varna', meaning `skin color'), for its members do not permit outsiders to join or intermarry with their community. This having been the case for thousands of years, `Brahmin' is essentially a racial term.
`Brahminist' is used to refer to the Brahmins as well as the followers of the 6 orthodox (`astika') religious schools of Brahmanism.
`Brahmanism' is used to refer to the 6 orthodox religious schools that accept Vedic scriptures and the caste system. Colloquially it is used as a blenket term to refer to the religions of Vedism (`Ved Dharma') and its later off-shoot Vaishnavism (`Vaishnava Dharma'). The technical term `Brahmanism' implies a recognition of the racial and ritual superiority of the Brahmin race, and/or the identification of the deity with the Vedic god Brahma or the abstract Brahman, generally identified with Vishnu. The Sudra (Draviian and Dalit) religion of Shaivism is not included in this term.
1.1 Definition of The "Brahman Race"
The term `Brahmin Race' refers to the white-skinned race which dominated and ruled over other Indo-Aryan and non-Aryan races for 2500 years. The main characteristics of the Brahman race are:
Sanskrit Mother Tongue - Sanskrit was the mother tongue of the overwhelming majority of the Brahman race, and still is so, being used at Brahman homes in place of the local vernacular. Indeed, the vernacular influence is forver miniscule, the Brahmin always clings to his Sanskrit.
Aryan Descent - The Brahmans are of the purest Aryan blood in contrast to the Rajputs (who are mainly Scythic and Hellenic) and Vaisyas (who have absorbed much Dardic or Paisaca blood). The Sudras are of Negroid-Australoid stock, whilst the Mughals are of Immigrant Muslim race. The Brahmins are hence the only remaining `Aryans' in South Asia. As a consequence, the divisions between Brahmin and non-Brahmin are of a deep-rooted racial origin, which plays a considerable role in the intensity of the perpetual Brahmin-non-Brahmin conflict.
1.2 Doctrine of the Superiority of The Brahman Race
The Brahmans propagated the following doctrines in the territories subject to their rule:
(1) That Persons of so-called "Brahman Race" or "Brahman Varna" were Intellectually Superior to Other Races or Varnas.
The Brahmans' dogma of the racial superiority of the Brahman Varna or Race (`varna'=`color' or `race' in Sanskrit) was fully elucidated in the Lawbook of Manu, the standard law-book of Hinduism :
" Of created beings the most excellent are said to be those which are animated,; of the animated, those which subsist by intelligence; of the intelligent, mainkind, and of men, the Brahmanas."
-- [ Manu.I.96 ]
(2) That the Brahmans were a `Master Race' and Thus Accordingly Entitled to Subjugate, Exploit, Exterminate or Dominate other `Races' (`varnas') or Peoples.
This doctrine was explicitly stated in the Manu-Smrti :
"As the Brahmana sprang from (Brahman's) mouth, as he was the first-born, and as he possesses the Veda, he is by right the lord of this whole creation ."
-- [ Manu.I.93 ]
The logical consequence of the `master race' dogma was the right of Brahmins to dominate over other `inferior' poples and to acquire their territories. This is disclosed by several statements in `sacred' Brahmanist texts, which state that the entire Universe belongs by birthright to the Brahmins :
" A Brahmana, coming into existence, is born as the highest on earth, the lord of all created beings, for the protection of the treasure of the law."
" Whatever exists in the world is, the property of the Brahmana; on account of the excellence of his origin the Brahmana is, indeed entitled to all ."
-- [ Manu.I.99-100 ]
"The wealth that is stolen by the Brahman tends to well being in the next life ; the wealth that is given to the Sudra tends to Hell." (Sukraniti)
-- [ Tirth.118 ]
" When a learned Brahmana has found treasure, deposited in former (times), he may take even the whole (of it); for he is the master of everything."
" When the king finds treasure of old concealed in the ground let him give one half to Brahmanas and place the (other) half in his treasury."
-- [ Manu.VIII.37-38 ]
" that (money which is given) to Brahmanas is declared to be an imperishable treasure for kings."
-- [ Manu.I.82 ]
In addition, the confiscation of properties of women and Sudras was openly legalised by Vaishnava scriptures :
A wife, a son, and a slave, these three are declared to have no property; the wealth which they earn is (acquired) for him to whom they belong.
A Brahmana may confidently seize the goods of (his) Sudra (slave); for, as that (slave) can have no property, his master may take his possessions.
-- [ Manu VIII.416-417 ]
Thus, the unlawful confiscation of the properties of non-Brahman races was justified and fully sanctioned in the holy scriptures of Hinduism (or Brahmanism), and this act glorified. The Mahabharata states,
"The son of Ita then inquired: Tell me Vayu, to whom the earth, with its wealth, rightfully belongs to the Brahman or the Kshatriya? Vayu replied: All this whatever exists in the world, is the Brahmans property by right of primogeniture : this is known to those who are skilled in the laws of duty. It is his own which the Brahman eats, puts on, bestows. He is the chief of all the castes, the first-born and the most excellent. Just as the woman when she has lost her (first) husband takes her brother-in-law for a second; so the Brahman is the first resource in calamity; afterwards another may arise (Mahabharata)."
-- [ MBh.Saptaparvam, verse, 2755 ] [ cited in Sup ]
Summarising the situation, Swami Dharma Theertha wrote in his classic `History of Hindu Imperialism',
"Probably no other class of persons in any society ever combined in themselves all these advantages so exclusively as the Brahmans. It is equally doubtful if any other aristocratic class has ever exercised their privileges to the detriment of the common people so unscrupulously and for so long a period as these Brahman priests."
-- [ Tirth.113-114 ] [ cited at Sup ]
He further observes,
" No imperial power ever imposed on a weaker people a more ruthless and soul-destroying domination than the Brahmans did on the rest of their fellow citizens, and no race of superior men ever arrogated to themselves such haughty supremacy and false greatness as they have."
-- [ Tirth.163-164 ] [ Sup ]
(3) That the Ideal State was `Brahmavarta', an Ancient State Inhabited Only by Brahmins.
The third dogma of Brahminism was the doctrine of Brahmavarta. As per `sacred' Brahmanist texts, Brahmavarta was a `Holy Land' inhabited only by Brahmins. It is currently located in the region around Kannauj, between the Ganga and Yamuna rivers. It is thought to have once existed about the `Land of the Seven Rivers' (Saptasindhava) and was a supposed Golden State from which all learning and civilization in the world emanated. However, in later times the center of Brahmanism shifted to the Ganges Valley, where Brahmavarta is currently located. Thus, the ideal state conceivable in this framework was one inhabited wholly by Brahmans. This notion was expounded by `Swami' Vivekananda, a staunch supporter of Orthodox Brahmanist Vaishnava dogma of the Vedanta sect, which fanatically upholds the authority of the Veda against all reason and logic:
"And the theory that the Shudra caste were all non-Aryans and they were a multitude, is equally illogical and irrational. It could not have been possible in those days that a few Aryans settled and lived there with a hundred thousand slaves at their command. The slaves would have eaten them up, made chutney of them in five minutes. The only explanation is to be found in the Mahabharat, which says that in the beginning of the Satya Yoga there was only one caste, the Brahmins, and then by differences of occupations they went on dividing themselves into different castes, and that is the only true and rational explanation that has been given. And in the coming Satya Yuga all other castes will have to go back to the same condition."
-- [ Viv.III.293 ]
The logical consequence of this Brahmavarta doctrine is either the cultural genocide of all non-Brahmin peoples, and their enforced Brahmanisation, or the extermination of all non-Brahmans in order to create an ethnically cleansed `New Brahmavarta' free from all non-Brahmans. These two strategies have been the backbone of several Brahmin supremacist organizations throughout the ages. The first strategy of cultural genocide has been carried out for several millenia, and takes the form of lower races or varnas adopting Brahmanic customs and life-styles, whilst discarding the native vernacular in favour of Sanskrit. The more sinister plan of extermination of non-Brahmins is also widely supported. For example, the Brahmin Supremacist RSS distributed a secret circular to its offices (No. 411 / RO 303; 11 / RSS C03) that stated [ RSS_c ]:
" 9. Retardation of physical and mental development of school going children specially Awarnas and Ambedkarites by harmful eatables, through volunteers, vendors and teachers" ...
" 32. Killing of Anti-Hindus and Anti-Brahmins to continue. Disposal of bodies as per direction."
-- [ RSS_c ]
This ideal of Brahmavarta was used as the justification for the collossal democides and exterminations of non-Brahmins (see Vol.II and Vol.III for details).
1.3 Race Records
The Brahmans maintained, and still maintain, detailed racial records proving the purity of their descent. This system was established in the Brahmanicized regions of India. It was, in effect, an alaborate classification of persons deemed to be of Brahman blood, and upon this depended the rights, privileges, and duties of the persons concerned.
In addition, elaborate racial lists were compiled, classifying the different non-Brahman races. People were classified into different groups in the following rigid hierarchy :
Pure-Blooded Brahmans
Non-Brahman Aryans
Non-Aryan Caucasoids, like Greeks (`Yavanas'), Scythians (`Sakas', `Rajputs'), etc.
Mongoloids
Blacks (`Sudras')
These race records maintained in Brahmin-cccupied territories during the Brahmanic Dark Ages (1500 BC - 1000 AD) were the forerunners of the Nazi race registers maintained in Nazi-occupied nations during the Second World War [ IMT ]. Indeed, the Nazi notions of the Aryan race were adopted from Vedic and Vaishnava religions (ie. Brahmanism).
Illustrative of the Brahmans' continued espousal and exploitation of racial dogmas was the discriminatory Vedic legislation which they caused to be enacted in regions subject to their rule. These laws, especially the version enunciated by the Vedic sage Manu, enforced strict segregation of Sudra Blacks from Aryan townships. Later, considerable restrictions were placed on Vaisyas once these races were crushed to the level of Sudras after the disappearance of Sudras from much of North India and the Deccan.
Coincident with this glorication of the Brahman race was the glorification of Brahmavarta, the Land of the Gods. In this sacred land the Upanishads and Brahmans were composed. The only inhabitants of this land were the purest white-skinned Brahmins, and this was supposed to be the golden age for civilization. The Aryan Vaishnavite scriptures uphold this as the ultimate destiny of all states, and the Brahmans have repeatedly tried to attain the status of pure Brahman nations by attempting to exterminate all non-Brahman races. The ideal of Brahmavarta was forever the `holy' justification for large-scale massacres and democides.
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[ Table of Contents ] [ Definition & Superiority of Brahmin Race ] [ Definition of Brahmin Gold ]
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Chapter 2. Definition of "Brahman Gold"
"Brahmin Gold" refers to the staggering wealth aquired by the Brahmans through unlawful and questionable means during the `Brahmanic Dark Ages' of Indian History, the 2500 years of Brahman rule in India from 1500 BC to 1000 AD. The illegal means included confiscation, fraud, and human exploitation in the form of forced labour and slavery, and the maintenance of the bulk of Non-Brahmins in a state of abject poverty.
-
The collective properties confiscated, looted and plundered by the Brahmins and mostly hoarded in the temples are referred to as `Brahmin Gold'.
In later times, the mass death of Sudras from overwork, malnutrition and constant religious and racial persecutions led to intense labour shortages in Northern India. Hence, the Brahmins crushed the Aryan Vaishya races to the level of Sudras in order to replace the extinct Sudroids. An indication of the degradation of the Vaishya is the number of rebirths required for a Vaisya and Kshatriya to become Brahmans as described in the later Brahmanic scriptures. Thus, Indra explains to Matanga that :
A Chandella can become a Sudra only after 1000 births.
A Sudra can become a Vaisya only after 30 times that period
A Vaisya can become a Rajanya after 60 times the previous length.
A Rajanya can become a Brahman after 60 times the previous duration.
-- [ MBh.Anu.1901 ff ][ Muir.I.441 ]
________________________
From www.dalitstan.org/books/gowh/gowh6.html
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Hindu Scriptural Sanction for Crushing of Women
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Chapter 6
Genocide of Women in Hinduism
by
Sita Agarwal
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The `holy' Vedas and other scriptures of Hinduism are essentially a form of barbarism. All the primitive customs of Sati, female infanticide, human sacrifice (purushamedha) and horse sacrifice (ashwamedha) of the blood-thirsty Aryan war-tribes are justified in them. The inhuman treatment meted out to Aryan women in the Vedic Dark Ages is sanctioned in this `religion' of Hinduism.
6.1 VEDIC RELIGIOUS WAR AGAINST WOMEN
The barbaric Vedic Aryan invaders had scarcely any respect for women, who were considered useless as war machines. Hence, female infanticide was common in order to destroy the excess burden of women. During the later Brahmanic Dark Ages, ascetic influence served to demonise women further still in a manner analogous to the European Medieval Ages.
Women in the Vedic period were harshly treated, being viewed as excess ballast in the Aryan war-tribes. They were essentially degraded to the level of mere chattel whose duty was to satisfy the brute lusts of the Aryan murderers, to raise the next generation of butchers and to cook food for these lechers. These Vedic war-tribes also practiced sati (immolation of widows) and female infanticide in order to destroy the excess number of females considered worthless for the Aryan war-machine. Hence, the attitude permeating the Vedas is one of utmost hostility and hatred against women. Women are consistently demonised and compared to animals in the `sacred' Vedas :
" The friendship of women does not last long. Their nature is like that of the hyena." [ Rig Veda 10-95-10 ] [ Periyar ]
" (When creating them) Manu allotted to women (a love of their) bed, (of their) seat and (of) ornament, impure desires, wrath, dishonesty, malice and bad conduct." [ Manu.9.17 ]
" For women no (sacramental) rite (is performed) with sacred texts, thus the law is settled; women (are) destitute of strength and destitute of (the knowledge of) Vedic texts, (are as) impure as falshood (itself) , that is a fixed rule." [ Manu.IX.18 ]
" Day and night women must be kept in dependance by the males (of) their (families), and, if they attach themselves to sensual enjoyments, they must be kept under one's control." [ Manu.9.2 ]
" And to this effect many sacred texts are sung also in the Vedas, in order to (make) fully known the true disposition (of women); hear the expiation of their (sins)." [ Manu.9.19 ]
" According to a verse in Adharvana Veda a wife is given by God to a husband to serve him and to bear him children. Further she is referred to by her husband as his subordinate and slave." [ Periyar cting Adharvana Veda 14.01.52 ]
" No birth is worse than the birth of a woman. Women are the root-cause of all evils " [ Periyar citing the Dharma Shastras ]
Here one can clearly see how Hinduism treats women. They are referred to as hyenas and compared to animals. What true models and guidelines for the good Aryan Hindu in his generous treatment of women !
6.2 VAISHNAVITE PERSECUTION OF WOMEN
Vaishnavism is the religion that grew out of the Vedic religion and became the dominant Brahmanic faith after obliterating Buddhism and Jainism.. It hence inherited the Aryan male chauvinist dogmas of the Vedic religion. It is now the dominant form of the 6 `astika' schools of Brahmanism in existence, for 75 % of all `Hindus' are Vaishnavites.
Hence, the Vaishnava literature (Puranas, Smrtis, etc.) pour venom and hatred against women. Women are generally termed as " thieves", "dacoits", "pirates", " thirsty tigresses" and "hypocrite cats" in the medieval Nath literature. [ Obsc., p.245 ]. The following is only a small list of the vast corpus of poison and hatred spread against womenhood by the bigot Brahmin males :
"A woman's intellect is too deep and too cunning to be grasped by others." [ MBh.Anu.39-8 ] [ Peri ]
" Fire will not be satisfied with any amount of firewood. The sea is not satisfied with any amount of water the rivers bring. A butcher is not satisfied with the slaughter of any number of animals. Similarly women will not be satisfied with any number of men." [ Puranas cited in Peri ]
" Women are capable of producing harm equivalent to the combined effect of poisonous fungus , a tempest, Yama, the god of the underworld, a fire pit that throws out fire continuously, the source of a spring, the sharpness of a razor, strong poison , serpents and fire." [ Mahabharata cited in Peri ]
" A woman will not hesitate to kill her husband or her children or her brothers or any other person in order to fulfil her aim. Women have been mercilessly compared to a tiger and have been ill-treated and disgraced." [ Bagavatha Skundam. 4-14, 42-8, 4-36 ] [ Peri ]
"The following eight qualities are characteristic qualities of women. They are: uttering lies, unsteadiness, deceit, stupidity, greed, impurity, wickedness and rashness." [ Sukra 3-163 ] [ Peri ]
" Valmiki has written that when there was no request from anybody, Rama orally declared that voluntarily and cheerfully he was giving his wife, all that he valued and his right over the administration of the land to Bharata." [ Ramayana 2-19-14 ] [ Peri ]
Hence, Hindu scriptures refer to women as `poison fungi', `tigresses', `thieves' and `pirates'. What an honour for a Hindu woman !
Chaitanya was one of the major `saints' during the medieval period. He spread Vaishnavism in Eastern India, but aroused the opprobation of the Orthodox Aryan-Vaishnavas because he allowed `conversion' from lower castes. Even this `liberal' man had highly negative opinions of women:
"Chaitanya thought it to be a sin to talk, think or even dream of women and that even the sight of a wooden statue of a woman can distract the mind and be responsible for immorality. He advised people to avoid being alone even with their own mother , sister or daughter."
-- [Nand 124-127]
After all, Chaitanya was a Vaishnavite. Note how women are considered the epitome of evil. This is even far worse than primitive Christianity, where women are considered the source of shame. Here are some citations from the `liberal' religion of Hinduism :
` [A Vedic Graduate] should not look at a naked woman.' [Manu 8:453]
`Let a decent man ever avoid by night ... a loose woman' [V.P. Book III Ch. XII p. 250 ]
Indeed, such was the effectiveness of the Brahmin Vaishnava propaganda that women themselves were brainwashed to develop a deep hatred against their gender. Even today, the mother-in-law is often found to be directly responsible for the dowry death of the bride. This is once again, the Brahmin-invented strategy of `Divide and Rule': woman is pit against woman, sister against sister and mother-in-law against daughter-in-law in order to completely divide Indian womanhood into perpetually conflicting groups. This strategy has a long history, and was even in full force during the so-called `Buddhist Age', an era more properly referred to as the Sutric Dark Age. Thus, mistresses showed little regard for their fellow females :
` In the Buddhist Age, a slave-girl who was obliged to sleep with her master, was often deprived of her nose and ears by her mistress and there was no law to protect her.'
-- [ Jain, p.162 ]
6.3 BUDDHISM AND JAINISM : OSTRACIZATION OF WOMEN
Buddhism and Jainism were both protest movements (`Sramanas') against the Vedic Vaishnava system of Brahmanism. However, they did not lead to any major changes in the status of women. This was due to the emphasis placed by these religions on asceticism. Their view of women was similar to the Essenes, Franciscans and other early Christian asetics. Thus, although sati was opposed by these reformers, yet women were considered as hurdles on the path to liberation.
The Buddha was very strict in his insistence on asceticism. He left his home and wife to become attain nirvana and considered women a hindrance to that goal -
"Buddha is said to have induced his disciples not to look at a woman or even talk to her"
-- [ Sacred Books of the East,XI p.91 cited in Bhatt p.44 ]
Jainism greatly discouraged the custom of sati. Devannabhatta, a South Indian scholar of the 12th century AD, opines that the sati system is only an inferior variety of Dharma and, hence should not be encouraged at all [ Vyavaharakanda p.598 ] [ 1200 p.67 ]. The Jains launched a crusade against the custom. As a result of the humaniarian influence of the anti-Vedic Jains, many ladies did not sacrifice themselves as satis but benefitted society by their useful work. Examples of queens who continued as widows due to the humanitarian influence of Jainism are [ 1200, p.67-68 ]:
Prthviraja III's mother Karpuradevi
Queen Lahini, younger sister of Purnapala
Widow of the king Vigraraja
Mayanalladevi, mother of Siddharaja Jayasimha
Nayika, the mother of Mularaja II and Bhimadeva II
Kuberu's mother in the Moharaja Parajaya
The 2 queens of the Kalachuri dynasty, Alhanadevi & Gosaladevi, who helped their sons in the matters of state.
As a result of `nastik' (heterodox) Jain and Buddhist influence, some Vedic Brahmanic scriptures make statements against sati, but these are very rare and did not have any impact. Thus the Srstikhanda of the Padma Purana clearly forbids a Brahmana widow to become a sati and declares that any person, who will help a Brahmana widow to the funeral pyre, will be guilty of the most dreadful sin of the murder of a Brahmana [ Padma 49.73-74 ] [ 1200, p.67 ] This citation shows that sati in the later Brahmanic Dark Ages was a Brahmanic custom enforced upon the masses, whilst Brahmani widows were not subject to this barbarity . The Aryan Brahmins enforced this upon the non-Brahmin races in order to obliterate non-Brahmin races.
Divorce was known to the Jainas, as evident from the accounts of Prince Simha in Jinesvara's `Kathasoprakarana' and Viradhavala in the Prabandhachintamani [ 1200 p.65 ] [ Suri p.47-50 ]
6.4 LIBERAL SUDRA SHAIVISM
Dravidian women enjoyed much greater freedom than their Aryan counterparts.
6.5 LIBERATION OF WOMEN UNDER ISLAM
Contrary to Brahmin fanatic propaganda, Islam acted as a liberating force for women. The custom of seclusion of women in Islam was far milder than that practiced by the pre-Islamic Hindus and Persians :
`In Persia also seclusion of women was common before the Christian era.'
-- [MPS p.87]
Moreover, Mughal caliphs abolished the custom of sati.
6.5 `LIBERAL' BHAKTI CULTS & OPPRESSION OF WOMEN
One of the frauds perpetrated by the Brahmin-controlled media is to portray the so-called `bhakti' cults as liberal with regard to women. While opposing sati, these cults in fact maintained the abyssmal status quo from the Vedic Dark Ages. The severe ascetism encouraged by these cults was itself the result of hatred against women. The cult of Nath Siddhas remain celibate throughout their life for no other reason than aversion towards women. In this `liberal cult', women are regarded as the greatest danger in the parth of yoga and they are given no status higher than that of `ferocious tigresses bent upon sucking the blood of the prey'. [ Obsc 244 ]
The Gorakhnathis are another cult that wraps the poison of Brahmanism in another veil in order to fool the non-Brahmins. Thus, the `exalted' Guru Gorakhnath, the person after whom this sect is named, stated,
"The breath of a woman dries up the body and youth vanishes day by day. Foolish are the people who understand nothing and make pets of the tigresses in every house, in the day the tigress becomes the world-enchantress and in the night she dries up the whole body."
-- Goraksha-vijaya, pp.186-7 [ cited in Obsc 244 ]
[ cf also Dharma-mangala of
Sahadev BSPP 1304, Goraknath's sayings ]
Gorakhnath further said this about women :
"You have given over your store to the gang of dacoits, you have employed the mouse as guard for the pepper plant and the cat for thickly boiled milk; you have kept logs of wood in the custody of the carpenter, the cow to the tiger, wealth to plunderers, the frog to the serpents ... dry fuel to the fire."
- Goraksha-vijaya p.121-3
Gopi-candra. Pancamala p.340-1 [ Obsc 245 ]
Mayanamati was a woman who wanted ot save her son from the clutches of his wives. Accordingly she said the following : " A lioness is she [ woman ] and casts her eyes like the tigress; she leaves aside the bones and the flesh and sucks up the Maharasa [semen in a grosser sense]." [ Obsc 246 ] [ Gopicandrer Sannyas (CU Part II) p.438 ]. This displays the common attitudes against women had even affected the women themselves, so that they again brainwashed others.
The attitude of the Nath school towards women influenced the concepts of the Nirguna school and in turn corrupted Kabir. All the retrograde statements made by these persons can be directly traced to barbarian Hinduism.
6.6 INCEST IN HINDUISM : HINDU ABUSE OF WOMEN
In order to permanently destroy the genetic stock of the non-Brahmin races the Brahmins enforced the depravities of child-marriage and incest upon the non-Brahmins. These customs led to genetic defects and mutations in the offspring as a result of consanginuity. Hence, incest is more common in Aryan Hindu society than in any other part of the world. References to this practice in ancient Indian literature abound. Often the girls were unwilling, but were then forced by their brothers/fathers to submit to the lecherous desires of the fanatic Aryan Hindu male. The strict Hindu, Buddhist and Jain emphasis on ascetism also played a role in the spread of this Hindu perversion. The main reason, however, was Brahmin imperialism. In addition to permanently degrading the genes of the non-Brahmins, this practice permitted the lecherous Brahmins to rape their daughters and hence help satiate their tremendous sexual apetite.
References to incest abound even in the Rg Veda, showing that the perversion of brother-sister incest was introduced by the Aryan savages who invaded India :
`Lord' Krishna lived in incest with his sister Subhadra, sharing her with his brother Balarama [ Mah.wh.153 ]. "In the festivals of that God [ Jagannath ], the 3 images of Krishna, his brother Balarama, and his sister Subhadra, are brought prominently forward; and the populace do not fail to heap reproaches upon Krishna, and upon his sister likewise, for having indulged in a criminal intimacy" [ Mah.wh 153 ]. Again,
" In the older tradition, Subhadra [ Krishna's sister ] is said to have lived in criminal intimacy with both her brothers. This tradition is universally known and believed by the people in spite of the story of the marriage of Subhadra [ to Arjun ]; and the Mussalmans frequently taunt the Hindus with the fact. The Pundits reconcile the stories by a fiction of there having been two Subhadras. As to Krishna's proceedings, they are expalined away as Maya, or delusion."
-- [ Mah.wh.153 ]
The Vedic Pushan is the lover of his sister [ Rg Ved VI.55.4 ] [ Apte 11 ]. No wonder so many Hindus have intercourse with their sisters !
The Aryan God Agni is the lover of his own sister [ Rg Ved X.3.3 ] [ Apte 11 ]. A true model for all Aryans !
Ashvins are referred to as the sons of Savitar and Ushas who are brother and sister [ Apte 11 ]. No doubt many pious Arya Hindus are the offspring of siblings.
The Ashvisns married Surya and Savitri who is their sister [ RV I.116.19 ].
Agni is the son of his father and his sister [ Rg Ved.I.91.7 ]
Yama wards off his sister Yami, saying marriage between brother and sister is forbidden [ Rg.V.X.10 ] [ Apte 11 ]. This is the first indication that the Aryans had at least some moral sense ! However, this verse is evidently a later interpolation.
Father-daughter incest occurs in the famous story of Prajapati (later identified with Brahma, in turn incorporated as an incarnation of Vishnu) and his daughter [ RV III.31.1-2 ]. Moreover, this act was punished. Prajapati is thought to have done something wrong, and Prajapati was pierced by Agni as a punishment [ Sat.Br. XIII.9 ] [ Apte 63 ]. This shows that a slight sense of wrongness of the deed did exist amongst the Aryan savages. However, it was, and still remains, a widely prevalent practice in Hindu society. The punishments meted out to the incestous gods are of little consequence and are probably later Brahmin fabrications designed to wash away the embarassing episodes.
It is evident that the strict laws on male-female relations led to the repression of normal practies and played a role in the rise of various perversions like brother-sister incest, father-daughter incest etc. Strict ascetism always leads to the rise of perversions. Even to this day incest of varying degrees (cross-cousin, father-daughter, mother-son, brother-sister, etc.) is extremely common amongst the Indo-Aryans. No other race on earth has ever recorded such a prevalance of this practice. Just as sodomy has its home in Persia, Lesbianism in ancient Lesbos, so incest has its home amongst the Indo-Aryans.
6.6 FREEDOM OF WOMEN IN SHAKTISM AND TANTRISM
There were exceptions to the rule, even during the Vedic Dark Ages following the collapse of the Indus civilization. Eastern India (Purvadesha), including Bengal, with its majority Mon-Khmer population, was only slightly Aryanized. The Shakti cult (mother-goddess) predominated (75 % of all the idolatrous population is sill Shaktis), and women here had a much higher degree of freedom. Thus for instance they were not required to wear the veil. Shakti (or Tantric) cults involved the worship of women, and the acceptance of their supremacy. Needless to say, the Shakti cult was only limited to Bengal and Assam.
Worship of mother-goddesses was prevalent, and inculculated a spirit of independance amongst Shakta and Tantric women. By contrast, Brahmanic Hindu goddesses were designed to inculculate obedience and subservience to men.
The Tezpur grant states that women in Assam even bathed in the open [ 1200, p.71 ].
Bengali widows used to inherit the issueless husband's entire property [ 1200 p.70 ] [ `Dayabhaga' of Jimutavahana sect XI ]
However, Aryanisation in the 6-7th centuries led to the extermination of the indigenous Tantra and Shakta faiths. The arrival of Brahmanism (ie. astik Hinduism) led to a consequent decline in the status of women. The Dravidian women were also freeer. Malabar was a center of the Tantric form of the Shiva-Shakti cult, and matriarchal customs still prevail. Till recently, polyandry existed.
Besides these two islands, the rest of India confirmed to the picture given above. This lasted until the establishment of the Islamic Califate of Mughalstan in the 12th century AD. Muslims came to form more than 50 % of the population of Mughalstan (the Indus-Ganges valley), and under Islam the status of women improved considerably.
6.7 HINDUISM'S WAR AGAINST WOMAN
In modern times the degradation of womens' status is related to the rise in Hindu Fundamentalism (in actual fact a thinly disguised form of Aryan Vaishnava Fanaticism). The extremist organizations that comprise the Sangh Parivar (BJP, RSS, Bajrang Dal, Ranvir Sena, VHP etc.) are reviving the practice of Sati, dowry, female infanticide etc. in various parts of India. Thus, in modern times the status of women has declined sharply due to the activities of Hindu (ie. Aryan) Fundamentalist organizations.
Gandhi's insistence on strict vegetarianism and celibacy among his disciples was in keeping with the traditions of Vaishnava ascetic ethics [EB 20:528:2a] Gandhi ordered many of the erotic temple sculptures of India to be destroyed. This apostle was also responsible for keeping women enslaved to the Brahmin yoke.
As an indication of the modern degradation of womens' status inflicted by the Brahminist regime in South India, consider the following figures for the number of females per 1000 males in the age group of 0-6 years was
India 954
Tamil Nadu 948
Salem 849
Dharmpuri 905
Madurai 918
-- [ Tam ]
In fact, the figure for Tamil Nadu was the lowest in India. Foeticide is now a modern alternative [ Tam ]. but burial alive, suffocation and starvation are safer methods to circumvent the law [ Tam ].
" The ignominious Shiv Sena (SS) and its "Hitler" Bal Thackeray have been openly supportive of dowry-based male-domineering marriage. Some leaders of RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the parental organization of BJP) and its religious wing VHP (Vishwa Hindu Parishad) have been supportive of the infamous now outlawed "suttee" system. SS and RSS through their political fronts are now ruling the most economically prosperous Indian states such as Maharashtra and Gujarat. "
-- [ Dowry ]
The status of women is hence likely to decline further with the rise of neo-Brahmanism. The only way Indian women can fight the menace is to fight Hinduism itself. The oppression of women is only another manifestation of South Asia's eternal Brahmin problem. By allying with various anti-Brahmin movements, womens' status can be improved.
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Monday, February 09, 2009
Sunday, February 08, 2009
More on the Papacy
Peter/Papacy
Gods Word [The Bible]
And as Esaias said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha.
What shall we say then? That the Gentiles, which followed not after righteousness, have attained to righteousness, even the righteousness which is of faith. But Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath not attained to the law of righteousness. Wherefore?
Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law. For they stumbled at that stumblingstone; As it is written, Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of offence: and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed. (Romans 9:29-33)
Moreover, brethren, I would not that ye should be ignorant, how that all our fathers were under the cloud, and all passed through the sea; And were all baptized unto Moses in the cloud and in the sea; And did all eat the same spiritual meat; And did all drink the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spiritual Rock that followed them: and that Rock was Christ. (1 Corinthians 10:4)
And I, brethren, could not speak unto you as unto spiritual, but as unto carnal, even as unto babes in Christ. I have fed you with milk, and not with meat: for hitherto ye were not able to bear it, neither yet now are ye able.
For ye are yet carnal: for whereas there is among you envying, and strife, and divisions, are ye not carnal, and walk as men? For while one saith, I am of Paul; and another, I am of Apollos; are ye not carnal? Who then is Paul, and who is Apollos, but ministers by whom ye believed, even as the Lord gave to every man? I have planted, Apollos watered; but God gave the increase. So then neither is he that planteth any thing, neither he that watereth; but God that giveth the increase.
Now he that planteth and he that watereth are one: and every man shall receive his own reward according to his own labour. For we are labourers together with God: ye are God's husbandry, ye are God's building. According to the grace of God which is given unto me, as a wise masterbuilder, I have laid the foundation, and another buildeth thereon. But let every man take heed how he buildeth thereupon. For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Jesus Christ. (1 Corinthians 3:11)
Ignatius [Bishops and Salvation]
For, since, ye are subject to the bishop as to Jesus Christ, ye appear to me to live not after the manner of men, but according to Jesus Christ, who died for us, in order, by believing His death, ye may escape from death (The Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians, Chapter 2)
Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus writing in reponse to the Roman bishop Victor [Peter/Papacy]
I, therefore, brethren, who have lived sixty-five years in the Lord, and have met with the brethren throughout the world, and have gone through every Holy Scripture, am not affrighted by terrifying words. For those greater than I have said we ought to obey God rather than man. (cited in Eusebius Church History, 5:24)
Tertullian [Peter]
If the apostles understood these (figurative meanings of the Law) better, of course they were more careful (with regard to them than even apostolic men). But I will descend even to this point of contest now, making a separation between the doctrine of apostles and their power. Discipline governs a man, power sets a seal upon him; apart from the fact that power is the Spirit, but the Spirit is God. What, moreover, used (the Spirit) to teach?
That there must be no communicating with the works of darkness.266 Observe what He bids. Who, moreover, was able to forgive sins? This is His alone prerogative: for "who remitteth sins but God alone? "267 and, of course, (who but He can remit) mortal sins, such as have been committed against Himself,268 and against His temple? For, as far as you are concerned, such as are chargeable with offence against you personally, you are commanded, in the person of Peter, to forgive even seventy times sevenfold.269
And so, if it were agreed that even the blessed apostles had granted any such indulgence (to any crime) the pardon of which (comes) from God, not from man, it would be competent (for them) to have done so, not in the exercise of discipline, but of powerIf, because the Lord has said to Peter, "Upon this rock will I build My Church,"278 "to thee have I given the keys of the heavenly kingdom; "279 or,
"Whatsoever thou shale have bound or loosed in earth, shall be bound or loosed in the heavens,"280 you therefore presume that the power of binding and loosing has derived to you, that is, to every Church akin to Peter, what sort of man are you, subverting and wholly changing the manifest intention of the Lord, conferring (as that intention did) this (gift) personally upon Peter? "On thee," He says, "will I build My Church; "and," I will give to thee the keys," not to the Church;
and, "Whatsoever thou shall have loosed or bound," not what they shall have loosed or bound. For so withal the result teaches. In (Peter) himself the Church was reared; that is, through (Peter) himself; (Peter) himself essayed the key; you see what (key): "Men of Israel, let what I say sink into your ears: Jesus the Nazarene, a man destined by God for you," and so forth.281 (Peter) himself, therefore, was the first to unbar, in Christ's baptism, the entrance to the heavenly kingdom, in which (kingdom) are "loosed" the sins that were beforetime "bound; "and those which have not been "loosed" are "bound," in accordance with true salvation; But however, through the grace of Jesus we believe that we shall be saved in the same way as they."282 This sentence both "loosed" those parts of the law which were abandoned, and "bound" those which were reserved.
Hence the power of loosing and of binding committed to Peter had nothing to do with the capital sins of believers; and if the Lord had given him a precept that he must grant pardon to a brother sinning against him even "seventy times sevenfold," of course He would have commanded him to "bind"-that is, to "retain"283 -
nothing subsequently, unless perchance such (sins) as one may have committed against the Lord, not against a brother. For the forgiveness of (sins) committed in the case of a man is a prejudgment against the remission of sins against God (Against Modesty, Chapter XXI)
Origen [Peter]
10. The Answer of Peter.
And perhaps that which Simon Peter answered and said, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God, " if we say it as Peter, not by flesh and blood revealing it unto us, but by the light from the Father in heaven shining in our heart, we too become as Peter,
being pronounced blessed as he was, because that the grounds on which he was pronounced blessed apply also to us, by reason of the fact that flesh and blood have not revealed to us with regard to Jesus that He is Christ, the Son of the living God, but the Father in heaven, from the very heavens, that our citizenship may be in heaven,66 revealing to us the revelation which carries up to heaven those who take away every veil from the heart, and receive "the spirit of the wisdom and revelation" of God.67
And if we too have said like Peter, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God," not as if flesh and blood had revealed it unto us, but by light from the Father in heaven having shone in our heart, we become a Peter, and to us there might be said by the Word, "Thou art Peter," etc.68
For a rock69 is every disciple of Christ of whom those drank who drank of the spiritual rock which followed them,70 and upon every such rock is built every word of the church, add the polity in accordance with it;
for in each of the perfect, who have the combination of words and deeds and thoughts which fill up the blessedness, is the church built by God. (Origen: Second Book of the Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew, Book XII, Para 10 Roberts, Alexander and Donaldson, James, Ante-Nicene Fathers: Volume X, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997.)
Cyprian [Peter]
Our Lord, whose precepts and admonitions we ought to observe, describing the honor of a bishop of bishop and the order of His Church, speaks in the Gospel, and says to Peter: I say unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock will I build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.
And I will give unto thee the keys of kingdom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shall loose on earth shall be loose in heaven.
Thence, through the changes of times and successions, the ordering of bishops and the plan of the Church flow onwards; so that the Church is founded upon the bishops, and every act of the Church is controlled by these same rules. (Epistle XXVI)
If they shall thirst, he says, He shall lead them through the deserts, shall bring forth water for them out of the rock; the rock shall be cloven, and the water shall flow, and my people shall drink; which is fulfilled in the Gospel, when Christ, who is the Rock, is cloven by a stroke of the spear in His passion; who also, admonishing what was before announced by the prophet, cries and says, If any man thirst, let him come and drink. He that believeth on me, as the Scripture saith, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water. (Epistle LXII v. 8)
4. If any one consider and examine these things, there is no need for lengthened discussion and arguments. There is easy proof for faith in a short summary of the truth. The Lord speaks to Peter, saying,
"I say unto thee, that thou art Peter; and upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven; and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound also in heaven, and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven."
And again to the same He says, after His resurrection, "Feed nay sheep." And although to all the apostles, after His resurrection, He gives an equal power, and says, "As the Father hath sent me, even so send I you: Receive ye the Holy Ghost: Whose soever sins ye remit, they shall be remitted unto him; and whose soever sins ye retain, they shall be retained;
" yet, that He might set forth unity, He arranged by His authority the origin of that unity, as beginning from one. Assuredly the rest of the apostles were also the same as was Peter, endowed with a like partnership both of honour and power; but the beginning proceeds from unity.
Which one Church, also, the Holy Spirit in the Song of Songs designated in the person of our Lord, and says, "My dove, my spotless one, is but one. She is the only one of her mother, elect of her that bare her." Does he who does not hold this unity of the Church think that he holds the faith?
Does he who strives against and resists the Church trust that he is in the Church, when moreover the blessed Apostle Paul teaches the same thing, and sets forth the sacrament of unity, saying, "There is one body and one spirit, one hope of your calling, one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God? " (Treatise 1, On the Unity of the Church, 4)
5. And this unity we ought firmly to hold and assert, especially those of us that are bishops who preside in the Church, that we may also prove the episcopate itself to be one and undivided. Let no one deceive the brotherhood by a falsehood: let no one corrupt the truth of the faith by perfidious prevarication.
The episcopate is one, each part of which is held by each one for the whole. The Church also is one, which is spread abroad far and wide into a multitude by an increase of fruitfulness.
As there are many rays of the sun, but one light; and many branches of a tree, but one strength based in its tenacious root; and since from one spring flow many streams, although the multiplicity seems diffused in the liberality of an overflowing abundance, yet the unity is still preserved in the source. Separate a ray of the sun from its body of light, its unity does not allow a division of light; break a branch from a tree,-when broken, it will not be able to bud; cut off the stream from its fountain, and that which is cut off dries up.
Thus also the Church, shone over with the light of the Lord, sheds forth her rays over the whole world, yet it is one light which is everywhere diffused, nor is the unity of the body separated. Her fruitful abundance spreads her branches over the whole world.
She broadly expands her rivers, liberally flowing, yet her head is one, her source one; and she is one mother, plentiful in the results of fruitfulness: from her womb we are born, by her milk we are nourished, by her spirit we are animated. (Treatise 1, On the Unity of the Church, 5)
Iraeneus [Peter]
3. The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate. Of this Linus, Paul makes mention in the Epistles to Timothy.
To him succeeded Anacletus; and after him, in the third place from the apostles, Clement was allotted the bishopric. This man, as he had seen the blessed apostles, and had been conversant with them, might be said to have the preaching of the apostles still echoing [in his ears], and their traditions before his eyes.
Nor was he alone [in this], for there were many still remaining who had received instructions from the apostlesTo this Clement there succeeded Evaristus. Alexander followed Evaristus; then, sixth from the apostles, Sixtus was appointed; after him, Telephorus, who was gloriously martyred; then Hyginus; after him, Pius; then after him, Anicetus. Sorer having succeeded Anicetus, Eleutherius does now, in the twelfth place from the apostles, hold the inheritance of the episcopate.
In this order, and by this succession, the ecclesiastical tradition from the apostles, and the preaching of the truth, have come down to us. And this is most abundant proof that there is one and the same vivifying faith, which has been preserved in the Church from the apostles until now, and handed down in truth. (Iraeneus Against Heresies, Volume I, Book III, Para. 3: A Refutation of the Heretics, from the Fact that, in the Various Churches, a Perpetual Succession of Bishops Was Kept Up.)
Ambrose [Peter]
Jesus is the Rock. He did not deny the grace of his nameto Peter he borrowed from the Rock the constancy and solidity of his faith-thy Rock is they Faith, and faith is the foundation of the church. If thou a Rock, thou shall be in the church for the church is built upon the Rock(the profession of faith in Jesus Christ). (St. Ambrose: The Incarnation)
156.Paul believed, and because he believed he cast off the zeal of a persecutor, and gained a crown of righteousness. He believed who used to make havoc of the Churches; but being converted to the faith, he preached in the Spirit that which the Spirit commanded.
The Spirit anointed His champion, and having shaken off the dust of unbelief, presented him as an insuperable conqueror of the unbelievers to various assemblies of the ungodly, and trained him by many sufferings for the prize of his high calling in Christ Jesus.157.
Barnabas also believed, and obeyed because he believed. Therefore, being chosen by the authority of the Holy Spirit, Which came on him abundantly, as a special sign of his merits, he was not unworthy of so great a fellowship. For one grace shone in these whom one Spirit had chosen.158.
Nor was Paul inferior to Peter, though the latter was the foundation of the Church, and the former a wise builder knowing how to make firm the footsteps of the nations who believed; Paul was not, I say, unworthy of the fellowship of the apostles, but is easily comparable with the first, and second to none. For he who knows not that he is inferior makes himself equal.(On the Holy Spirit, Book II, 156-158)
Gregory Nazianzen [Peter]
This one (Peter) is called a rock in order on his faith (Rock) he may receive the foundation of the church. (St. Gregory Nazianzen, 26th Discourse.)
John Chrysostom [Peter]
And I say unto thee, Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church; That is, on the faith of his confession. (A Library of the Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, Oxford: Parker, 1844; Homilies of S. John Chrysostome on the Gospel of Matthew, Homily 54.3)
The Rock on which Christ built his church means the confession of faith. (St. Chrysostom, 53 Homily on St. Matthew)
Cyril of Alexandria [Peter]
Now by the word rock Jesus indicated I think the immovable faith of the disciple. (Commentary on Isaiah IV. 2, M. P. G., Vol. 70, Col. 940)
Augustine [Peter/Papacy]
So the Lord entrusted His sheep to us bishops [plural], because he entrusted them to Peter; if, we are worthy with any part of us, even with the lips of our toes, to tread the dust of Peters footsteps, the Lord entrusted his sheep to us [plural]. You are his sleep, we are sheep along with you, because we are Christians. I have already said, we are fed and we feed. (Sermon 296:13)
For petra (rock) is not derived from Peter, but Peter from petra; just as Christ is not called so from the Christian, but the Christian from Christ. For on this very account the Lord said, "On this rock will I build my Church," because Peter had said, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God."
On this rock, therefore, He said, which thou hast confessed. I will build my Church. For the Rock (Petra) was Christ; and on this foundation was Peter himself also built. For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Christ Jesus. The Church, therefore, which is rounded in Christ received from Him the keys of the kingdom of heaven in the person of Peter, that is to say, the power of binding and loosing sins.
For what the Church is essentially in Christ, such representatively is Peter in the rock (petra); and in this representation Christ is to be understood as the Rock, Peter as the Church. This Church, accordingly, which Peter represented, so long as it lives amidst evil, by loving and following Christ is delivered from evil.
But its following is the closer in those who contend even unto death for the truth. But to the universality [of the Church] is it said, "Follow me," even as it was for the same universality that Christ suffered: of whom this same Peter saith, "Christ suffered for us, leaving us an example, that we should follow His footsteps (Augustine, Tractate CXXIV on John XXI. 19-25- Roberts, Alexander and Donaldson, James, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series: Volume VII, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997).
Pope Gregory the Great I [Peter/Papacy]
Seeing, then, that you know the integrity of our faith from my plain utterance and profession, it is right that you should have no further scruple of doubt with respect to the Church of the blessed Peter, Prince of the apostles: but persist ye in the true faith, and make your life firm on the rock of the Church;
that is on the confession of the blessed Peter, Prince of the apostles, lest all those tears of yours and all those good works should come to nothing, if they are found alien from the true faith. For as branches dry up without the virtue of the root, so works, to whatsoever degree they may seem good, are nothing, if they are disjoined from the solidity of the faith (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Volume XII, Book IV; Epistle XXXVIII by Pope Gregory the Great I)
But I beseech your imperial Piety to consider that some frivolous things are very harmless, and others exceedingly harmful. Is it not the case that, when Antichrist comes and calls himself God, it will be very frivolous, and yet exceedingly pernicious? If we regard the quantity of the language used, there are but a few syllables; but if the weight of the wrong, there is universal disaster. Now I confidently say that whosoever calls himself, or desires to be called, Universal Priest, is in his elation the precursor of Antichrist, because he proudly puts himself above all others.
Nor is it by dissimilar pride that he is led into error; for, as that perverse one wishes to appear as above all men, so whosoever this one is who covets being called sole priest, he extols himself above all other priests. But, since the Truth says, Every one that exalteth himself shall be humbled (Luke xiv. 11; xviii. 14),
I know that every kind of elation is the sooner burst as it is the more inflated. Let then your Piety charge those who have fallen into an example of pride not to generate any offence by the appellation of a frivolous name. For I, a sinner, who by the help of God retain humility, need not to be admonished to humility. Now may Almighty God long guard the life of our most serene Lord for the peace of holy Church and the advantage of the Roman republic. For we are sure, that if you live who fear the. Lord of heaven, you will allow no proud doings to prevail against the truth. (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Volume XII, Book VII, Epistle XXXIII)
Isidore of Seville [Peter]
So Peter first received the power of binding and loosing, and he first led people to faith by the power of his preaching. Still, the other apostles have been made equal with Peter in a fellowship of honor and power. They also, having been sent out into all the world, preached the Gospel. Having descended from these apostles, the bishops have succeeded them, and through all the world they have been established in the seats of the apostles (De Ecclesiasticus II.5, M.P.L., Vol. 83, Col. 781-782).
John Wycliffe [Peter]
I have joyfully to tell to all true men that believe what I hold, and legates to the pope; for I suppose that if my faith be rightful and given of God, the pope will gladly confirm it; and if my faith be error, the Pope will wisely amend it.
I suppose over this that the gospel of Christ be [the] heart of the corpus of God's law; for I believe that Jesus Christ, that gave in His own person this gospel, is very God and very man, and by this heart passes all other laws.
I suppose over this that the pope be most obliged to the keeping of the gospel among all men that live here; for the pope is highest vicar that Christ has here in earth. For moreness of Christ's vicar is not measured by worldly moreness, but by this, that this vicar sues more Christ by virtuous living; for thus teacheth the gospel, that this is the sentence of Christ.
And of this gospel I take as believe, that Christ for [the] time that He walked here, was [the] most poor man of all, both in spirit and in having; for Christ says that He had nought for to rest His head on.
And Paul says that He was made needy for our love. And more poor might no man be, neither bodily nor in spirit. And thus Christ put from Him all manner of worldly lordship. For the gospel of John telleth that when they would have made Christ king, He fled and hid Him from them, for He would none such worldly highness.
And over this I take it as believe, that no man should sue the pope, nor no saint that now is in heaven, but in as much as he sues Christ. For John and James erred when they coveted worldly highness; and Peter and Paul sinned also when they denied and blasphemed in Christ; but men should not sue them in this, for then they went from Jesus Christ.
And this I take as wholesome counsel, that the pope leave his worldly lordship to worldly lords, as Christ gave them,---and move speedily all his clerks to do so. For thus did Christ, and taught thus his disciples, till the fiend had blinded this world. And it seems to some men that clerks that dwell lastingly in this error against God's law, and flee to sue Christ in this, been open heretics, and their fautors been partners.
And if I err in this sentence, I will meekly be amended, yea, by the death, if it be skilful, for that I hope were good to me. And if I might travel in mine own person, I would with good will go to the pope. But God has needed me to the contrary, and taught me more obedience to God than to men.
And I suppose of our pope that he will not be Antichrist, and reverse Christ in this working, to the contrary of Christ's will; for if he summon against reason, by him or by any of his, and pursue this unskilful summoning, he is an open Antichrist. And merciful intent excused not Peter, that Christ should name him Satan; so blind intent and wicked counsel excuses not the pope here; but if he ask of true priests that they travel more than they may, he is not excused by reason of God, that he should not be Antichrist.
For our belief teaches us that our blessed God suffers us not to be tempted more than we may; how should a man ask such service? And therefore pray we to God for our Pope Urban the Sixth, that his old holy intent be not quenched by his enemies. And Christ, that may not lie, says that the enemies of a man been especially his home family; and this is sooth of men and fiends. (Reply of John Wycliffe to his Summons by the Pope to come to Rome, 1384)
Walter Brute, disciple of Wycliffe and Lollard [Peter/Papacy]
"If the high bishop of Rome, calling himself the servant of the servants of God, and the chief vicar of Christ in this world, do make and maintain many laws contrary to the gospel of Jesus Christ, then is he of those that have come in Christs name, saying, I am Christ, and have seduced many a one, by the testimony of our Savior in Matthew 24; and the idol of desolation sitting in the temple of God, and taking away from him the continual sacrifice for a time, times, and half a time, which idol must be revealed to the Christian people, by the testimony of Daniel, whereof Christ speaketh in the gospel; When ye shall see the abomination of desolation that was told of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the
holy place, let him that readeth understand.."(Certain Exhibits of Walter Brute, in writing, presented to the bishop for his defence, AD. 1391, Foxe, Vol. 3, CD Software from www.iconbusters.com/iconb...htm#_ftn25
). A pro-Calvinist site. Calvinism is a great false doctrine though.)
Basic Church History:
www.moulton.to/history/sn...pshots.doc
By TruthSeeker24
2:28 pm. EST
July 30, 2003
SOLA SCRIPTURA
SOLA FIDE
SOLA GRATIA
SOLA GLORIA DEO
SOLA GRATIA
Gods Word [The Bible]
And as Esaias said before, Except the Lord of Sabaoth had left us a seed, we had been as Sodoma, and been made like unto Gomorrha.
What shall we say then? That the Gentiles, which followed not after righteousness, have attained to righteousness, even the righteousness which is of faith. But Israel, which followed after the law of righteousness, hath not attained to the law of righteousness. Wherefore?
Because they sought it not by faith, but as it were by the works of the law. For they stumbled at that stumblingstone; As it is written, Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of offence: and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed. (Romans 9:29-33)
Moreover, brethren, I would not that ye should be ignorant, how that all our fathers were under the cloud, and all passed through the sea; And were all baptized unto Moses in the cloud and in the sea; And did all eat the same spiritual meat; And did all drink the same spiritual drink: for they drank of that spiritual Rock that followed them: and that Rock was Christ. (1 Corinthians 10:4)
And I, brethren, could not speak unto you as unto spiritual, but as unto carnal, even as unto babes in Christ. I have fed you with milk, and not with meat: for hitherto ye were not able to bear it, neither yet now are ye able.
For ye are yet carnal: for whereas there is among you envying, and strife, and divisions, are ye not carnal, and walk as men? For while one saith, I am of Paul; and another, I am of Apollos; are ye not carnal? Who then is Paul, and who is Apollos, but ministers by whom ye believed, even as the Lord gave to every man? I have planted, Apollos watered; but God gave the increase. So then neither is he that planteth any thing, neither he that watereth; but God that giveth the increase.
Now he that planteth and he that watereth are one: and every man shall receive his own reward according to his own labour. For we are labourers together with God: ye are God's husbandry, ye are God's building. According to the grace of God which is given unto me, as a wise masterbuilder, I have laid the foundation, and another buildeth thereon. But let every man take heed how he buildeth thereupon. For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Jesus Christ. (1 Corinthians 3:11)
Ignatius [Bishops and Salvation]
For, since, ye are subject to the bishop as to Jesus Christ, ye appear to me to live not after the manner of men, but according to Jesus Christ, who died for us, in order, by believing His death, ye may escape from death (The Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians, Chapter 2)
Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus writing in reponse to the Roman bishop Victor [Peter/Papacy]
I, therefore, brethren, who have lived sixty-five years in the Lord, and have met with the brethren throughout the world, and have gone through every Holy Scripture, am not affrighted by terrifying words. For those greater than I have said we ought to obey God rather than man. (cited in Eusebius Church History, 5:24)
Tertullian [Peter]
If the apostles understood these (figurative meanings of the Law) better, of course they were more careful (with regard to them than even apostolic men). But I will descend even to this point of contest now, making a separation between the doctrine of apostles and their power. Discipline governs a man, power sets a seal upon him; apart from the fact that power is the Spirit, but the Spirit is God. What, moreover, used (the Spirit) to teach?
That there must be no communicating with the works of darkness.266 Observe what He bids. Who, moreover, was able to forgive sins? This is His alone prerogative: for "who remitteth sins but God alone? "267 and, of course, (who but He can remit) mortal sins, such as have been committed against Himself,268 and against His temple? For, as far as you are concerned, such as are chargeable with offence against you personally, you are commanded, in the person of Peter, to forgive even seventy times sevenfold.269
And so, if it were agreed that even the blessed apostles had granted any such indulgence (to any crime) the pardon of which (comes) from God, not from man, it would be competent (for them) to have done so, not in the exercise of discipline, but of powerIf, because the Lord has said to Peter, "Upon this rock will I build My Church,"278 "to thee have I given the keys of the heavenly kingdom; "279 or,
"Whatsoever thou shale have bound or loosed in earth, shall be bound or loosed in the heavens,"280 you therefore presume that the power of binding and loosing has derived to you, that is, to every Church akin to Peter, what sort of man are you, subverting and wholly changing the manifest intention of the Lord, conferring (as that intention did) this (gift) personally upon Peter? "On thee," He says, "will I build My Church; "and," I will give to thee the keys," not to the Church;
and, "Whatsoever thou shall have loosed or bound," not what they shall have loosed or bound. For so withal the result teaches. In (Peter) himself the Church was reared; that is, through (Peter) himself; (Peter) himself essayed the key; you see what (key): "Men of Israel, let what I say sink into your ears: Jesus the Nazarene, a man destined by God for you," and so forth.281 (Peter) himself, therefore, was the first to unbar, in Christ's baptism, the entrance to the heavenly kingdom, in which (kingdom) are "loosed" the sins that were beforetime "bound; "and those which have not been "loosed" are "bound," in accordance with true salvation; But however, through the grace of Jesus we believe that we shall be saved in the same way as they."282 This sentence both "loosed" those parts of the law which were abandoned, and "bound" those which were reserved.
Hence the power of loosing and of binding committed to Peter had nothing to do with the capital sins of believers; and if the Lord had given him a precept that he must grant pardon to a brother sinning against him even "seventy times sevenfold," of course He would have commanded him to "bind"-that is, to "retain"283 -
nothing subsequently, unless perchance such (sins) as one may have committed against the Lord, not against a brother. For the forgiveness of (sins) committed in the case of a man is a prejudgment against the remission of sins against God (Against Modesty, Chapter XXI)
Origen [Peter]
10. The Answer of Peter.
And perhaps that which Simon Peter answered and said, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God, " if we say it as Peter, not by flesh and blood revealing it unto us, but by the light from the Father in heaven shining in our heart, we too become as Peter,
being pronounced blessed as he was, because that the grounds on which he was pronounced blessed apply also to us, by reason of the fact that flesh and blood have not revealed to us with regard to Jesus that He is Christ, the Son of the living God, but the Father in heaven, from the very heavens, that our citizenship may be in heaven,66 revealing to us the revelation which carries up to heaven those who take away every veil from the heart, and receive "the spirit of the wisdom and revelation" of God.67
And if we too have said like Peter, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God," not as if flesh and blood had revealed it unto us, but by light from the Father in heaven having shone in our heart, we become a Peter, and to us there might be said by the Word, "Thou art Peter," etc.68
For a rock69 is every disciple of Christ of whom those drank who drank of the spiritual rock which followed them,70 and upon every such rock is built every word of the church, add the polity in accordance with it;
for in each of the perfect, who have the combination of words and deeds and thoughts which fill up the blessedness, is the church built by God. (Origen: Second Book of the Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew, Book XII, Para 10 Roberts, Alexander and Donaldson, James, Ante-Nicene Fathers: Volume X, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997.)
Cyprian [Peter]
Our Lord, whose precepts and admonitions we ought to observe, describing the honor of a bishop of bishop and the order of His Church, speaks in the Gospel, and says to Peter: I say unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock will I build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.
And I will give unto thee the keys of kingdom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shall loose on earth shall be loose in heaven.
Thence, through the changes of times and successions, the ordering of bishops and the plan of the Church flow onwards; so that the Church is founded upon the bishops, and every act of the Church is controlled by these same rules. (Epistle XXVI)
If they shall thirst, he says, He shall lead them through the deserts, shall bring forth water for them out of the rock; the rock shall be cloven, and the water shall flow, and my people shall drink; which is fulfilled in the Gospel, when Christ, who is the Rock, is cloven by a stroke of the spear in His passion; who also, admonishing what was before announced by the prophet, cries and says, If any man thirst, let him come and drink. He that believeth on me, as the Scripture saith, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water. (Epistle LXII v. 8)
4. If any one consider and examine these things, there is no need for lengthened discussion and arguments. There is easy proof for faith in a short summary of the truth. The Lord speaks to Peter, saying,
"I say unto thee, that thou art Peter; and upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven; and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound also in heaven, and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven."
And again to the same He says, after His resurrection, "Feed nay sheep." And although to all the apostles, after His resurrection, He gives an equal power, and says, "As the Father hath sent me, even so send I you: Receive ye the Holy Ghost: Whose soever sins ye remit, they shall be remitted unto him; and whose soever sins ye retain, they shall be retained;
" yet, that He might set forth unity, He arranged by His authority the origin of that unity, as beginning from one. Assuredly the rest of the apostles were also the same as was Peter, endowed with a like partnership both of honour and power; but the beginning proceeds from unity.
Which one Church, also, the Holy Spirit in the Song of Songs designated in the person of our Lord, and says, "My dove, my spotless one, is but one. She is the only one of her mother, elect of her that bare her." Does he who does not hold this unity of the Church think that he holds the faith?
Does he who strives against and resists the Church trust that he is in the Church, when moreover the blessed Apostle Paul teaches the same thing, and sets forth the sacrament of unity, saying, "There is one body and one spirit, one hope of your calling, one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God? " (Treatise 1, On the Unity of the Church, 4)
5. And this unity we ought firmly to hold and assert, especially those of us that are bishops who preside in the Church, that we may also prove the episcopate itself to be one and undivided. Let no one deceive the brotherhood by a falsehood: let no one corrupt the truth of the faith by perfidious prevarication.
The episcopate is one, each part of which is held by each one for the whole. The Church also is one, which is spread abroad far and wide into a multitude by an increase of fruitfulness.
As there are many rays of the sun, but one light; and many branches of a tree, but one strength based in its tenacious root; and since from one spring flow many streams, although the multiplicity seems diffused in the liberality of an overflowing abundance, yet the unity is still preserved in the source. Separate a ray of the sun from its body of light, its unity does not allow a division of light; break a branch from a tree,-when broken, it will not be able to bud; cut off the stream from its fountain, and that which is cut off dries up.
Thus also the Church, shone over with the light of the Lord, sheds forth her rays over the whole world, yet it is one light which is everywhere diffused, nor is the unity of the body separated. Her fruitful abundance spreads her branches over the whole world.
She broadly expands her rivers, liberally flowing, yet her head is one, her source one; and she is one mother, plentiful in the results of fruitfulness: from her womb we are born, by her milk we are nourished, by her spirit we are animated. (Treatise 1, On the Unity of the Church, 5)
Iraeneus [Peter]
3. The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate. Of this Linus, Paul makes mention in the Epistles to Timothy.
To him succeeded Anacletus; and after him, in the third place from the apostles, Clement was allotted the bishopric. This man, as he had seen the blessed apostles, and had been conversant with them, might be said to have the preaching of the apostles still echoing [in his ears], and their traditions before his eyes.
Nor was he alone [in this], for there were many still remaining who had received instructions from the apostlesTo this Clement there succeeded Evaristus. Alexander followed Evaristus; then, sixth from the apostles, Sixtus was appointed; after him, Telephorus, who was gloriously martyred; then Hyginus; after him, Pius; then after him, Anicetus. Sorer having succeeded Anicetus, Eleutherius does now, in the twelfth place from the apostles, hold the inheritance of the episcopate.
In this order, and by this succession, the ecclesiastical tradition from the apostles, and the preaching of the truth, have come down to us. And this is most abundant proof that there is one and the same vivifying faith, which has been preserved in the Church from the apostles until now, and handed down in truth. (Iraeneus Against Heresies, Volume I, Book III, Para. 3: A Refutation of the Heretics, from the Fact that, in the Various Churches, a Perpetual Succession of Bishops Was Kept Up.)
Ambrose [Peter]
Jesus is the Rock. He did not deny the grace of his nameto Peter he borrowed from the Rock the constancy and solidity of his faith-thy Rock is they Faith, and faith is the foundation of the church. If thou a Rock, thou shall be in the church for the church is built upon the Rock(the profession of faith in Jesus Christ). (St. Ambrose: The Incarnation)
156.Paul believed, and because he believed he cast off the zeal of a persecutor, and gained a crown of righteousness. He believed who used to make havoc of the Churches; but being converted to the faith, he preached in the Spirit that which the Spirit commanded.
The Spirit anointed His champion, and having shaken off the dust of unbelief, presented him as an insuperable conqueror of the unbelievers to various assemblies of the ungodly, and trained him by many sufferings for the prize of his high calling in Christ Jesus.157.
Barnabas also believed, and obeyed because he believed. Therefore, being chosen by the authority of the Holy Spirit, Which came on him abundantly, as a special sign of his merits, he was not unworthy of so great a fellowship. For one grace shone in these whom one Spirit had chosen.158.
Nor was Paul inferior to Peter, though the latter was the foundation of the Church, and the former a wise builder knowing how to make firm the footsteps of the nations who believed; Paul was not, I say, unworthy of the fellowship of the apostles, but is easily comparable with the first, and second to none. For he who knows not that he is inferior makes himself equal.(On the Holy Spirit, Book II, 156-158)
Gregory Nazianzen [Peter]
This one (Peter) is called a rock in order on his faith (Rock) he may receive the foundation of the church. (St. Gregory Nazianzen, 26th Discourse.)
John Chrysostom [Peter]
And I say unto thee, Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church; That is, on the faith of his confession. (A Library of the Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church, Oxford: Parker, 1844; Homilies of S. John Chrysostome on the Gospel of Matthew, Homily 54.3)
The Rock on which Christ built his church means the confession of faith. (St. Chrysostom, 53 Homily on St. Matthew)
Cyril of Alexandria [Peter]
Now by the word rock Jesus indicated I think the immovable faith of the disciple. (Commentary on Isaiah IV. 2, M. P. G., Vol. 70, Col. 940)
Augustine [Peter/Papacy]
So the Lord entrusted His sheep to us bishops [plural], because he entrusted them to Peter; if, we are worthy with any part of us, even with the lips of our toes, to tread the dust of Peters footsteps, the Lord entrusted his sheep to us [plural]. You are his sleep, we are sheep along with you, because we are Christians. I have already said, we are fed and we feed. (Sermon 296:13)
For petra (rock) is not derived from Peter, but Peter from petra; just as Christ is not called so from the Christian, but the Christian from Christ. For on this very account the Lord said, "On this rock will I build my Church," because Peter had said, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God."
On this rock, therefore, He said, which thou hast confessed. I will build my Church. For the Rock (Petra) was Christ; and on this foundation was Peter himself also built. For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Christ Jesus. The Church, therefore, which is rounded in Christ received from Him the keys of the kingdom of heaven in the person of Peter, that is to say, the power of binding and loosing sins.
For what the Church is essentially in Christ, such representatively is Peter in the rock (petra); and in this representation Christ is to be understood as the Rock, Peter as the Church. This Church, accordingly, which Peter represented, so long as it lives amidst evil, by loving and following Christ is delivered from evil.
But its following is the closer in those who contend even unto death for the truth. But to the universality [of the Church] is it said, "Follow me," even as it was for the same universality that Christ suffered: of whom this same Peter saith, "Christ suffered for us, leaving us an example, that we should follow His footsteps (Augustine, Tractate CXXIV on John XXI. 19-25- Roberts, Alexander and Donaldson, James, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series: Volume VII, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997).
Pope Gregory the Great I [Peter/Papacy]
Seeing, then, that you know the integrity of our faith from my plain utterance and profession, it is right that you should have no further scruple of doubt with respect to the Church of the blessed Peter, Prince of the apostles: but persist ye in the true faith, and make your life firm on the rock of the Church;
that is on the confession of the blessed Peter, Prince of the apostles, lest all those tears of yours and all those good works should come to nothing, if they are found alien from the true faith. For as branches dry up without the virtue of the root, so works, to whatsoever degree they may seem good, are nothing, if they are disjoined from the solidity of the faith (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Volume XII, Book IV; Epistle XXXVIII by Pope Gregory the Great I)
But I beseech your imperial Piety to consider that some frivolous things are very harmless, and others exceedingly harmful. Is it not the case that, when Antichrist comes and calls himself God, it will be very frivolous, and yet exceedingly pernicious? If we regard the quantity of the language used, there are but a few syllables; but if the weight of the wrong, there is universal disaster. Now I confidently say that whosoever calls himself, or desires to be called, Universal Priest, is in his elation the precursor of Antichrist, because he proudly puts himself above all others.
Nor is it by dissimilar pride that he is led into error; for, as that perverse one wishes to appear as above all men, so whosoever this one is who covets being called sole priest, he extols himself above all other priests. But, since the Truth says, Every one that exalteth himself shall be humbled (Luke xiv. 11; xviii. 14),
I know that every kind of elation is the sooner burst as it is the more inflated. Let then your Piety charge those who have fallen into an example of pride not to generate any offence by the appellation of a frivolous name. For I, a sinner, who by the help of God retain humility, need not to be admonished to humility. Now may Almighty God long guard the life of our most serene Lord for the peace of holy Church and the advantage of the Roman republic. For we are sure, that if you live who fear the. Lord of heaven, you will allow no proud doings to prevail against the truth. (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Volume XII, Book VII, Epistle XXXIII)
Isidore of Seville [Peter]
So Peter first received the power of binding and loosing, and he first led people to faith by the power of his preaching. Still, the other apostles have been made equal with Peter in a fellowship of honor and power. They also, having been sent out into all the world, preached the Gospel. Having descended from these apostles, the bishops have succeeded them, and through all the world they have been established in the seats of the apostles (De Ecclesiasticus II.5, M.P.L., Vol. 83, Col. 781-782).
John Wycliffe [Peter]
I have joyfully to tell to all true men that believe what I hold, and legates to the pope; for I suppose that if my faith be rightful and given of God, the pope will gladly confirm it; and if my faith be error, the Pope will wisely amend it.
I suppose over this that the gospel of Christ be [the] heart of the corpus of God's law; for I believe that Jesus Christ, that gave in His own person this gospel, is very God and very man, and by this heart passes all other laws.
I suppose over this that the pope be most obliged to the keeping of the gospel among all men that live here; for the pope is highest vicar that Christ has here in earth. For moreness of Christ's vicar is not measured by worldly moreness, but by this, that this vicar sues more Christ by virtuous living; for thus teacheth the gospel, that this is the sentence of Christ.
And of this gospel I take as believe, that Christ for [the] time that He walked here, was [the] most poor man of all, both in spirit and in having; for Christ says that He had nought for to rest His head on.
And Paul says that He was made needy for our love. And more poor might no man be, neither bodily nor in spirit. And thus Christ put from Him all manner of worldly lordship. For the gospel of John telleth that when they would have made Christ king, He fled and hid Him from them, for He would none such worldly highness.
And over this I take it as believe, that no man should sue the pope, nor no saint that now is in heaven, but in as much as he sues Christ. For John and James erred when they coveted worldly highness; and Peter and Paul sinned also when they denied and blasphemed in Christ; but men should not sue them in this, for then they went from Jesus Christ.
And this I take as wholesome counsel, that the pope leave his worldly lordship to worldly lords, as Christ gave them,---and move speedily all his clerks to do so. For thus did Christ, and taught thus his disciples, till the fiend had blinded this world. And it seems to some men that clerks that dwell lastingly in this error against God's law, and flee to sue Christ in this, been open heretics, and their fautors been partners.
And if I err in this sentence, I will meekly be amended, yea, by the death, if it be skilful, for that I hope were good to me. And if I might travel in mine own person, I would with good will go to the pope. But God has needed me to the contrary, and taught me more obedience to God than to men.
And I suppose of our pope that he will not be Antichrist, and reverse Christ in this working, to the contrary of Christ's will; for if he summon against reason, by him or by any of his, and pursue this unskilful summoning, he is an open Antichrist. And merciful intent excused not Peter, that Christ should name him Satan; so blind intent and wicked counsel excuses not the pope here; but if he ask of true priests that they travel more than they may, he is not excused by reason of God, that he should not be Antichrist.
For our belief teaches us that our blessed God suffers us not to be tempted more than we may; how should a man ask such service? And therefore pray we to God for our Pope Urban the Sixth, that his old holy intent be not quenched by his enemies. And Christ, that may not lie, says that the enemies of a man been especially his home family; and this is sooth of men and fiends. (Reply of John Wycliffe to his Summons by the Pope to come to Rome, 1384)
Walter Brute, disciple of Wycliffe and Lollard [Peter/Papacy]
"If the high bishop of Rome, calling himself the servant of the servants of God, and the chief vicar of Christ in this world, do make and maintain many laws contrary to the gospel of Jesus Christ, then is he of those that have come in Christs name, saying, I am Christ, and have seduced many a one, by the testimony of our Savior in Matthew 24; and the idol of desolation sitting in the temple of God, and taking away from him the continual sacrifice for a time, times, and half a time, which idol must be revealed to the Christian people, by the testimony of Daniel, whereof Christ speaketh in the gospel; When ye shall see the abomination of desolation that was told of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the
holy place, let him that readeth understand.."(Certain Exhibits of Walter Brute, in writing, presented to the bishop for his defence, AD. 1391, Foxe, Vol. 3, CD Software from www.iconbusters.com/iconb...htm#_ftn25
). A pro-Calvinist site. Calvinism is a great false doctrine though.)
Basic Church History:
www.moulton.to/history/sn...pshots.doc
By TruthSeeker24
2:28 pm. EST
July 30, 2003
SOLA SCRIPTURA
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